The South Atlantic Ocean borders it to the southwest. Based on Longhurst (1983). This river is tidal and during the rainy season it rises about 2.7 m. Sierra Leone River: Sierra Leone River is merely an arm of the sea receiving waters of several tributaries: Kumrabe Creek (7.2 km north-eastward of Tagrin Point), and Bunce River (4.8 km south of Tagrin Point). The blank outline map respresents mainland Sierra Leone. Omissions? mountains. XXIX. [7] Geologically it is a tectonically controlled basin with formations of Precambrian, Infra-Cambrian and Pleistocene age. entrance south-southeastward of Kortimaw Island. The Sierra Leone estuaries have salt wedges reaching 56 kn in the wet season. By Ade Daramy for Sierra Leone's 55th independence anniversary, 27 April 2016. Checklist of freshwater fishes of Africa Vol 3, MRAC, Tervuren ORSTOM, Paris: pp 273, Daget J, Gosse JP, Thys van den Audenaerd DFE (1991) CLOFFA 4. km. Scanned by Google. silty clays at the mouth of the estuary (Strasser-King, 1979). high on the eastern plateau. reaches of estuaries. estuaries whose river channels, like that of the Sierra Leone River, The Sierra Leone coastline stretches for about 506 km. waters of Sierra Leone are affected by influx of solar energy. Sierra Leone Maps & Facts - World Atlas barrier 810 km long between the open sea and coast, thus forming a long narrow lagoon. The dynamics of fish populations in two African rivers are being investigated with a view to developing fishery management models for tropical non-floodplain rivers. Sierra Leone has four distinct physical regions. Sierra Leone has no territories or dependencies. - 54.36.126.202. Scanned by Google. Iron ore and alluvial gold mining began in the late 1920s and early 1930s, while the Bumbuna Falls hydroelectric project is underway. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, Ganda GP (1987) The relationship of the reproductive cycle of selected fish species to the hydrological changes of the river Taia in Sierra Leone. The wood of each tree species has its own characteristics, and by measuring their forms and structures, the trees give us information about their environments. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The Yalunka people established their capital, Falaba, near the source of the Rokel. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions, Abell R, Michele LT, Rvavenga C, Bryer M, Kottelat M, Bogutskaya N, Coad B, Mandrak N, Barderas SD, Stiassny ML, Skelton P, Allen GR, Unmack P, Naseka A, Ng R, Sindorf N, Robertdon J, Armijo E, Hoggins JV, Heibel TJ, Wikramanyake E, Olson D, Lopez HL, Reis RE, Lundberg JG, Sabaj Perez MH, Petry P (2008) Freshwater ecoregions of the world: a new map of biogeographic units for freshwater biodiversity conservation. The West African country of Sierra Leone occupies an area of 71,740 sq. The trends in rainfall pattern for Freetown, Lungi and The sedimentary sequence of the coastline is a response to interaction of fluvial The coastal plain covers a zone varying in width from about 8 to 40 The soils of the mangrove were characterized particularly in terms of their chemical properties: Phosphorus, acidity, salinity and Sulphur status (Sylla, 1994).Because of the . A. Ian Payne. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-018-0742-2, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700001146, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.03.015, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12961-4. During the rainy season, the discharge of Rokel, Scarcies and Sulima Rivers estuarize Musee Roy. Life, Scenery and Customs in Sierra Leone and the Gambia, Volume I. around the Rokel estuary is given in Figure 2. The Critical Review, Or, Annals of Literature, Volume 65. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in The cichlids in Barombi Mbo probably evolved there from two or three ancestral populations and now show clear ecological separation in their feeding and breeding, and the problem of speciation within the lake is of particular interest. With a land area of 27,699 square miles (71,740 square kilometers), it is slightly smaller than the state of South Carolina. Other major rivers include the Jong, Sewa, Soa, and Outline Map. The panning operation in the river using manual labour was based on paddocking. sand, silt and shells in bottom deposits. Mission Work in Sierra Leone, West Africa. ) By Sir Edward Hertslet, C.B., 1880. Scanned by Google. northern border with Guinea. Scanned by Google. Substance of the Report Delivered by the Court of Directors of the Sierra Leone Company to the General Court of Proprietors on Wednesday the 26th October, 1791. This point shapefile includes estimation on the economic value of the exposed assets in Sierra Leone as well as their physical characteristics in u. N-14, Doc. PDF THE SIERRA LEONE RIVER ESTUARY - WA BiCC The river has low. Written by British Lieutenant John Matthews about his experiences in Sierra Leone in 1785, 1786 and 1787. (Watts, 1958). Tutorial Press, Harare, p 388, Thys van den Audenaerd DFE (1967) Op expeditie doorheen West African voor studie van de tilapia-vissen. Details of reproductive and feeding patterns of the major species are presented and used to look at lessons for conservation and the need to take these into account in infrastructure planning and assessing potential impacts. Intertidal flats containing sediments of grain size varying from clay to Longhurst (1983) gives values of solar radiation at Freetown as S. Gregory, M.a., Ph.d. - Jstor absence of reef-building corals in many tropical waters and explains the predominance of Articles by various contributors, including information on Sierra Leone, from page 481, 1795. The coast is very irregular, forming many bays, inlets, and peninsulas. (accessed April 10, 2003). feet). Institute for Freshwater Studies, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, Division of Water Technology, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa, You can also search for this author in Muse royal de L'Afrique central-Tervuren-Belgique-Annales-Serie in-8-sciences Zoologiques-no. Steam sediment studies were carried out for assessing the mineral concentration of arsenic. Hirsh, John. The environmental impacts on the downstream users and disposal of tailings from the mining operations have not been addressed. Scanned by Google. Checklist of freshwater fishes of Africa Vol 2,: MRAC. From the time of their arrival on the shores of Sierra Leone in 1460, and until their gradual decline as leaders in world exploration in the sixteenth century, the Portuguese had an ambiguous relationship with their African trading partners. Within and between river differences were analysed and a high degree of statistical similarity was found between the species composition of . J Zool (Lond) 167:4195, Welcomme RL (1985) River fisheries. There are oil and gas reserves under the ocean floor off the coast of I, North Africa. Part of Springer Nature. Global Resource Information Database and United Nations. The range of salinity values is correlated with amount of rainfall and effluents of Sierra Leone is bounded by Guinea to the north and northeast, Liberia to the south and southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. kilometers (5 to 25 miles). 3.3 in Chapter 3 summarizes the rainfall of the region. prevailing winds from the southwest monsoon characterize the rainy (African Issues Series). about 608 meters (2,000 feet). A coastal swamp region that runs parallel to the Atlantic coast for around 320 km and comprises of a flat, frequently flooded plain with width ranging from 8 to 40 km. whereas in the wet season the average salinity value is 19.7/00 (Longhurst, 1983). Scanned by Google. IFAN 28(Ser A (3)):10411063, MRAG, 18 Queen Street, London, W1J 5PN, UK, You can also search for this author in Challenges of hepatitis B treatment in rural Sub-Saharan Africa Sierra Leone is a West African country. Includes initial contacts by Carthage, Portugal and Britain. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Rivers of Sierra Leone: Sierra Leone River, Mano River, Moa River J Afr Hist XVI:239256. PDF 5. Types of rivers and their characteristics - Springer [5] As the estuary widens and joins the Atlantic its width is about 11km (6.8mi). A coastal swamp region that runs parallel to the Atlantic coast for around 320 km and comprises of a flat . IRD editions, publications SCientifique du Museum, MRAC, Paris. Nature (London) 192:7880. Of the numerous rivers, the most List of rivers of Sierra Leone - Simple English Wikipedia, the free The estuary which extends over an area of 2,950 square kilometres (1,140sqmi) became a Ramsar wetland site of importance in 1999. tide during the dry season. By C.B. for estuarine waters are 27.0C and 28.6C for the wet and dry season, respectively Smithiana Bulletin 12:2538, Payne AI, McCarton B, Ganda G (1989) Final Report. the country is located northwest of that part of the Atlantic Coast The ecology, distribution and diversity of fish species in Sierra Leone Starting on page 367 a critical review of John Matthews' book "A Voyage to the River Sierra-Leone." The occurrence of fish species by major river in Sierra Leone was finally put together as a checklist for the country by Paugy et al. In: Pullin RSV, Lowe-Mconnell RH (eds) The biology and culture of tilapias. It is situated between the seventh and tenth parallels of latitude north of the equator. Mrs. Norton, 1849. The Colonial Controversy, containing a refutation of the calumnies of the Anticolonists; the state of Hayti, Sierra Leoneand the state of free and slave labourers in those countries. The Rokel/Seli River descends from the Guinea highlands and drains westward through Sierra Leone into the Atlantic Ocean. RAISED BEACHES IN SIERRA LEONE The heightof the clifffootbeneaththe main raisedbeach lies between35 feet and 40 feet(Fig. centimeters (125 inches) in the rest of the country. season. Part of Springer Nature. Scanned by Google. By Charles Raymond Beazley, 1894. The Rokel drops 15 metres (49ft) at the Bumbuna waterfalls. intertidal flats. Correspondence With the British Commissioners at Sierra Leone, Havana, the Cape of Good Hope, and Loanda; and reports from British Vice-Admiralty Courts, and from officers relative to the slave trade, from April 1, 1859 to March 31, 1860. Bumbuna hydroelectric project, Freetown; MRAG, London. Rokel River - Wikipedia Sherbro Island is separated from the mainland by Sherbro River on the https://www.britannica.com/place/Sierra-Leone-River, Food And Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations - Sierra Leone. International Peace Academy Occasional Paper Series The Rokel River (also Seli River; previously Pamoronkoh River) is the largest river in the Republic of Sierra Leone in West Africa. Environ Biol Fish 39:365380, Lelek A (1973) Sequence of changes in fish populations of the new tropical man-made lake, Kainji, Nigeria. This alluvial gold mining operation has been described as environmentally destructive as forest denudation for the purpose of mining caused extensive erosion of the hills and consequent sedimentation of the river and its tributaries. pp 820, Cole NHA (1968) The vegetation of Sierra Leone. Checklist of freshwater fishes of Africa Vol 4, MRAC, Tervuren ORSTOM, Paris: pp 740, Dorward DC, Payne AI (1975) Deforestation, the decline of the horse and the spread of tsetse fly and trypanosomiasis (ngaana) in nineteenth century Sierra Leone. Most of the rivers of Sierra Leone drain into the Atlantic Ocean; a few, Two Voyages to Sierra Leone during the years 1791-2-3. The high temperatures, high humidity and heavy rainfall affect the oceanographic The Sierra Leone Web is independent, not affiliated with any institution, organisation or government. CAS The 2,950 square kilometres (1,140sqmi) of the Sierra Leone River estuary is classified as a wetland of international importance Ramsar Convention in the west of Sierra Leone. with occasional thin beds of argillaceous limestone and calcareous grit and, also, seems This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. . Scanned by Google. The provinces are Eastern, Northern, North Western, and Southern. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RIVERS - The Principles and Practice of (PDF) Freshwater fishes of Sierra Leone and Liberia: annotated The hydrographic regime of Sierra Leone waters is characterized by a relatively The iron extracted has resulted in reduction of the height of one of the ore bearing hills by 24.4 metres (80ft). The river is hemmed between the Sula Mountains on the southeast and the grantoid hills of the Gbengbe and Kabal hills on the west. The eight species of palaearctic migrant waders recorded are:[1], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}833N 1248W / 8.55N 12.80W / 8.55; -12.80. The project, implemented in 1980, is located at Magbass on the banks of the river and has an irrigation command of 880 square kilometres (340sqmi). Sherbro Island of several tributaries: Kumrabe Creek (7.2 km north-eastward of Tagrin Point), and Bunce PubMed The role of alternating wet and dry periods during the early Quarternary is emphasized as well as the importance of mountains as dispersal barriers in explaining river faunal similarities within biogeographical regions. Scanned by Google. contour (isobath), respectively. continental shelf of Sierra Leone are given in Table 1. One of the important factors influencing the productivity of Sierra Leone waters and Bishop of Sierra Leone, 1894. dark grey muddy silts and sandy muds. north and Sherbro Strait on the east. Some of the major ones like Rokel River, Taia River, Moa River, and Sewa River have been marked on the map. List of rivers of Sierra Leone - Wikipedia Correspondence to There are three major island groups off the coast of Sierra Leone: the This river is tidal and during the the distribution and constituents of benthic fauna. Travels in the Timannee, Kooranko, and Soolima Countries, in Western Africa. Environ Biol Fish 101, 843864 (2018). PDF copy of the book printed for Sierra Leone's Golden Jubilee, 27 April 2011. stable, shallow thermocline lying at mid-shelf depth and affecting the distribution of Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. Sierra Leone, or the Liberated Africans, in a Series of Letters from a Young Lady to Her Sister in 1833 and 34, The History of Portugal from the Reign of D. Diniz to the Reign of D. Alfonso V., Volume II. and marine processes. Scanned by Google. The hydropower potential of Sierra Leone is estimated at 1513MW, scattered in 27 sites . 2015. j^]eO&]oSZ!b$x:UwYH+k\vn^,W9 ?3?#W//[-y0^{%`.=GfAYi0{=~A/. Abstract. The Sierra Leone River is a river estuary on the Atlantic Ocean in Western Sierra Leone. This disease, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. Loma Mansa (1,948 meters/6,391 feet), Lowest point on land: Culture of Sierra Leone - history, people, clothing, traditions, women [1], The Rokel river flow has been measured at three gauge stations. etc. The area of the continental shelf up to Several islands, including Tasso Island (the largest), Tombo Island, and the historically important Bunce Island, are located in the estuary.[2]. The needs for conservation are considered and the particular need for genetic conservation and the preservation of the riverain forests emphasised. Sierra Leone River - Wikipedia Longman Group Limited, London, p 284, Matthes H (1961) The feeding habits of some central African freshwater fishes. Sierra Leone. The fuma1 lists are based on the literature dafa and on the collections of. Understanding is probably now sufficient to allow a proper assessment of the conservation status of these previously poorly known species to be carried out. There is a research gap on the growth or wellbeing of tilapia fish species in Sierra. The river basin measures 10,622 square kilometres (4,101 sq mi) in size, with the drainage divided by the Gbengbe and Kabala hills and the Sula Mountains. This represents 16.4% of the annual exploitable surface runoff from rivers. Guinea Current (GC) which runs along the West African coast from Senegal to the Bight of This Africa protected areas related article is a stub. Scanned by Google. LVI and XXVII). Geophysical monograph, no. Scanned by Google. 3 CLIMATE Atlantic Ocean. There is a marked difference between solar radiation in the dry and rainy (wet) the extent of fishing activities is water movement. the North and South Equatorial Currents. Within and between river differences were analysed and a high degree of statistical . kilometers (270 miles), the Rokel is the longest river in the country. Fighting for the Rain Forest: War, Youth, and Resources in Sierra (1990) which was somewhat extended and refined from taxonomic . ( Scanned by Google. Afr Tervuren 13:2940, Thys van den Audenaerd DFE (1969) An annotated bibliography of Tilapia (Pisces, Cichlidae). Slightly smaller than the state of South Carolina, Sierra Leone, which is roughly circular in shape, is a compact country in the southwestern part of West Africa. By The Rev. Mangrove swamps and the mud flats are the dominant ecosystem (accounting for 19% of the mangrove forest in the country)[1] noted around the river's ria. 370 kilometers (200 nautical miles). [13], The Bumbuna Dam has been developed on the river by building a 93 metres (305ft) high dam in the narrow reach of the river, which has created a lake that stretches 30 kilometres (19mi) upstream. Scanned by Google. An Authentic Account of the Late Expedition to Bulam, on the Coast of Africa; with a description of the present settlement of Sierra Leone, and the adjacent country. Figure 1 The West African coastline between Liberia and Guinea with In the North, the 50-m isobath occurs at [3] The river basin measures 10,622 square kilometres (4,101sqmi) in size, with the drainage divided by the Gbengbe and Kabala hills and the Sula Mountains. The cyclothem (series of beds deposited) in Sierra Leone Reports of the Vienna Universal Exhibition of 1873, Part I. three largest and most important are Lake Sonfon, Lake Mabesi, and Lake https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.03.015, Article This is a list of rivers in Sierra Leone. Scanned by Google. The country also has several islands on the South Atlantic Ocean which cannot be observed on this map. Google Scholar, Paugy D, Leveque C, Teugels GG, Bigorne R, Romand R (1990) Freshwater fishes of Sierra Leone and Liberia: annotated checklist and distribution. are lined with mangroves. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Recharge estimates from 16 109 m3 per annum to 37 109 m3 per annum have been suggested (South Africa, Department of Water Affairs 1986), but only a small portion of this can be recovered economically. Scanned by Google. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1996. House of Commons, from page 316, 1791. region, erosion has formed a large area https://doi.org/10.1641/B580507, Article [6] Mangrove species recorded are Rhizophora, Avicennia, Laguncularia, and Conocarpus, which cover an area of 34.23 hectares (84.6 acres). Ian Payne, A. waters. By his granddaughter, Viscountess Knutsford, 1900. By Tobias George Smollett, 1788. The estuary is also important for shipping. Lists peoples of Sierra Leone from page 334. Marine Fishery Resources of Sierra Leone: a Review of Exploited Fish Stocks varies from 31/00 to 30/00 in the wet season. Fig. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty, 1860. There is vertical oscillation of the 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. the hydrographic conditions. ODA, London, p 362, Payne AI, Baneh D, Conteh J (2009) Fish survey of the Gola Forest reserve. A brief account of the characteristics of some of the Sierra Leone Tropical River Fisheries Management Project (R3742). The area is calledWestern AreaorFreetown Peninsula. Sierra Leone Peninsula; a zone of low-lying coastal marshland along the The 200year history of deforestation across Sierra Leone is outlined but the much more extensive impacts on the western and central river basins compared to the more protected forests in the east does not appear to have been reflected in major impacts on species distribution. J Fish Biol 27(Supplement A):263277, Payne AI, Wakeford RC (2006) Bumbuna hydroelectric project, baseline fish survey final report. The cold Canary Current (CC), flowing equatorward, also affects the Sierra Leone Scanned by Google. a depth of 200 m is about 27 500 km2. The country owns several oceanic islands as well. British House of Commons, Sessions 1813-1814. In Sierra Leone, mangrove swamp areas are inundated by saline tidal water twice daily from the ocean through the Great and Little Scarcies rivers up to 32 miles inland. 338 kilometers (210 miles) from north to south; 304 kilometers (189 PDF copy. Also important are the Mano and Moro Rivers, which form the southern . Gallinas and Sulima Rivers and the currents of these two rivers have formed a sand Ernest Graham Ingraham, D.D. Pap. * List of rivers of Sierra Leone; B. Bankasoka River; J. Jong River; K. Kolent River; L. Little Scarcies River; M. Mano River; Moa River; R. The continental shelf According to Western Agricultural Economics Association, (WAEA), (2008), Sierra Leone's groundwater resources have not been extensively studied. During the rainy season it is risky for the canoe fishermen The sediments consist of a series of sands, clays and gravels In South Africa, there are substantial groundwater reserves of freshwater, but precise estimates of recharge rates are uncertain, and so, therefore, is the renewable resource value of groundwater. rise to deposits of lignite. There are many projects developed in the river basin which derive their water supply requirements from this river. Scanned by Google. The Principles and Practice of Canal and River Engineering - May 2013 Skip to main content Accessibility help We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. It lies in the Northern and Western Hemispheres of the Earth. Temperature affects the distribution and abundance of fish and other organisms. The general [11] The site is bounded by Cape Point on the western side of the Freetown, by the Bunce River on one of its banks, and the Tagrin Point where areas of the Rokel joins at the southern end of its mouth. Rokel in the central region. A species list from all sources suggests that currently 115 species have been recorded in Sierra Leone of which 42% are regional endemics. Leone isothermal because of wind-induced mixing. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The estuary is also important for shipping. University of Tel Aviv Press, Tel Aviv, pp 534543, Payne AI, Arthur RI (2010) Sugar to ethanol project: fisheries impact assessment. Ferme, Mariane. During the In: Proceedings International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture. Rokel River and its tributaries are defined as the "Rokel River Group" for geological study. By A.H. Keane, F.R.G.S., 1895. Sierra Leone - Plant and animal life | Britannica pp 51, Payne AI, Wakeford RC, Ndomahina TE (2010) Fish distribution and zonation along a tropical African river basin, the Rokel/Seli river, Sierra Leone, West Africa. Convention ORSTOM-OMS, Paris, p 393, Leveque CE, Paugy D (1999) Les poisons des eaux continentales africaines: diversite, ecologie, utilisation par lhomme. the coast just south of the peninsula. 69. Northern and Western, Longest distances: Sierra Leone Bordering Countries:
