Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. Fivenon-PVL histologic mimicswere included as controls. van der Waal I. and have shown cytotoxicity against human leukemia (K-562). Inter- and intra-observer variability in three grading systems for oral epithelial dysplasia. WebAtypical squamous proliferation: what lies beneath? Squamous keratinocytes are more common in this variant compared to basaloid cells. B, Koilocytosis and cytologic atypia are readily appreciated in this warty squamous cell carcinoma. [62], A well known example of the discovery of chemicals derived from endophytic fungi is from the fungus Taxomyces andreanae isolated from the pacific yew Taxus brevifolia. Epidermolytic acanthoma can present as solitary or multiple (disseminated) lesions on the trunk, extremities, or genitalia. Montague LJ, Bhattacharyya I, Islam MN, Cohen DM, Fitzpatrick SG. [22] Improvements in water use efficiency were observed in higher CO2 concentrations and a further increase was seen in water deficit conditions. Epub 2011 Feb 22. In another experiment Burkholderia bacteria with both the TOM plasmid as well as nickel resistance genes was inoculated into yellow lupine; this increased the root mass of the plants, but the amounts of TCE transpired was not statistically significant. [57][58] Endophyte bioprospecting has already yielded compounds with antibacterial,[59][60] antifungal,[61] antiviral,[61] antiparasitic,[62] cytotoxic,[59][63] neuroprotective,[62] antioxidant,[62] insulin-mimetic,[62] -glucosidase inhibitory,[61] and immunosuppressant[62] properties. The lesions demonstrated the spectrum of histologic features described in PVL, and in some cases, patients developed oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Mller S. Frictional keratosis, contact keratosis and smokeless tobacco keratosis: features of reactive white lesions of the oral mucosa. 1995;80(2):18891. Hansen LS, Olson JA, Silverman S. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Chi AC, Lambert PR 3rd, Pan Y, et al. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. ( A) Skin punch biopsy of the erythrodermic reaction. WebFollow-up ranged from 15 to 73 months. Cases associated with high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and warty/basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are coinfected with high-risk HPV types.68. Davidova LA, Fitzpatrick SG, Bhattacharyya I, Cohen DM, Islam MN. A Troubling Diagnosis of Verrucous Squamous Cell Carcinoma [59] Three triterpenes were found in the endophyte Xylarialean sp., all three of these compounds displayed mild cytotoxic effects on tumor cells. Atypical Squamous Proliferation: What Lies Beneath London: Wiley; 1981. Amongst these are relatively rare entities such as bowenoid papulosis, epidermolytic acanthoma, and verruciform xanthoma, which are underrecognized by surgical pathologists. Inter-observer variability in the diagnosis of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: clinical implications for oral and maxillofacial surgeon understanding: a collaborative pilot study. While some authors believe that the 2 are either identical or closely related on a continuous spectrum, accumulating evidence suggests that these are distinct entities. Compared to condyloma acuminatum, the fibrovascular cores in papillary SCC are more irregular, and the tumor base is ragged (owing to stromal invasion) as opposed to round.37,51 It also differs from condyloma acuminatum and warty/warty-basaloid squamous neoplasms by the absence of koilocytes (Figure 5, B). [73], There are several endophytes that have been discovered that exhibit insecticidal properties. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. [55], Two strains of the endophytic fungi Pestalotiopsis microspora isolated from stems of plants from the Ecuadorian rainforest were shown in laboratory experiments to be able to digest polyurethane plastic as the fungus's sole carbon source in anaerobic conditions, although many other non-endophytic fungi have demonstrated this ability, and most isolates of endophytic fungi in this experiment could perform this to some degree. Upadhyaya JD, Fitzpatrick SG, Islam MN, et al. [29] As often with other organisms associated with plants such as mycorrhizal fungus, endophytes gain carbon from their association with the plant host. [24], Endophytic species are very diverse; only a small minority of existing endophytes have been characterized. 1980;46(8):185562. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. [39] Systemic endophytes are defined as organisms that live within plant tissues for the entirety of its life cycle and participate in a symbiotic relationship without causing disease or harm to the plant at any point. JAAD Case Rep. 2019 Nov 20;5(12):1051-1054. doi: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2019.08.008. 2019;13(3):42339. Head and Neck Pathology This endophytic type has Rosebush MS, Briody AN, Cordell KG. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Differentiated intraepithelial neoplasia and lichen sclerosus may be found in the adjacent epithelium.37,51. Because histopathologic findings can vary in women with multiple SCC lesions, from keratoacanthoma-like to well-differentiated SCC, we hypothesized that TP53 variants might shed light on the appropriate classification. Krishnan L, Karpagaselvi K, Kumarswamy J, et al. Despite these failures, such techniques might lead to some future improvements. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia: An Expert Mitotic activity is low and is confined to the lower third of the epithelium. Corbaln-Vlez R, Martnez-Barba E, Lpez-Poveda MJ, Vidal-Abarca Gutirrez I, Ruz-Maci JA, Oviedo-Ramirez I, Martnez-Menchn T. Actas Dermosifiliogr. As humans become more aware of the damage that synthetic insecticides cause to the environment and beneficial insects such as bees and butterflies biological insecticides may become more important to the agricultural industry.[31]. One example of an endophyte-plant-insect interaction is located in the New Zealand grasslands, where endophytes, known as AR1 and AR37 are utilized to protect valuable ryegrass from the Argentine stem weevil but remain palatable to another important food source, livestock. Head Neck Pathol. Similar lesions frequently harbor human papillomavirus and should at least raise suspicion for a seborrheic keratosis-like condyloma acuminatum. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Collectively, these feature give rise to a softer appearance compared to VV. J Periodontol. 2008 Apr;30(2):127-34. doi: 10.1097/DAD.0b013e318161310c. When verrucous carcinoma forms on your feet, they manage it as a skin cancer. The site is secure. Gonzlez-Moles M, Ruiz-vila I, Gonzlez-Ruiz L, et al. Correct diagnosis of condyloma acuminatum and condyloma-like lesions has important clinical implication and entails familiarization with their clinical presentations and histopathologic features. Clavicipitaceous and non-clavicipitaceous, "An Archaic Approach to a Modern Issue: Endophytic Archaea for Sustainable Agriculture", "The Hidden World within Plants: Ecological and Evolutionary Considerations for Defining Functioning of Microbial Endophytes", "Defining the Genetic Basis of PlantEndophytic Bacteria Interactions", Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, "Exploring the evolutionary ecology of fungal endophytes in agricultural systems: using functional traits to reveal mechanisms in community processes", "Experimental evidence of microbial inheritance in plants and transmission routes from seed to phyllosphere and root", "A Friendly Relationship between Endophytic Fungi and Medicinal Plants: A Systematic Review", "Fungal endophytes and their interaction with plant pathogens: a review", "In planta regulation of extension of an endophytic fungus and maintenance of high metabolic rates in its mycelium in the absence of apical extension", "Chemical ecology of endophytic fungi: origins of secondary metabolites", "Increased Biomass of Nursery-Grown Douglas-Fir Seedlings upon Inoculation with Diazotrophic Endophytic Consortia", "An In vitro Study of Bio-Control and Plant Growth Promotion Potential of Salicaceae Endophytes", "Endophyte Effects on Photosynthesis and Water Use of Plant Hosts: A Meta-Analysis", "Salicaceae Endophytes Modulate Stomatal Behavior and Increase Water Use Efficiency in Rice", "Root ethylene signalling is involved in Miscanthus sinensis growth promotion by the bacterial endophyte Herbaspirillum frisingense GSF30T", "Endophytic root colonization of gramineous plants by Herbaspirillum frisingense", "Fungal endophytes: diversity and functional roles", "Mycorrhizal ecology and evolution: the past, the present, and the future", "Bacterial endophytes in agricultural crops and their role in stress tolerance: a review", "Bioprospecting for microbial endophytes and their natural products", "Endophytic fungi: a reservoir of antibacterials", "Can naturally-occurring endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria of hybrid white spruce sustain boreal forest tree growth on extremely nutrient-poor soils? Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. Of these subtypes, the endophytic tumours have the worst prognosis because of their invasiveness and higher frequency of Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! [The value of laminin-322 staining in distinguishing between keratoacanthoma, keratoacanthoma with areas of squamous cell carcinoma, and crateriform squamous cell carcinoma]. [22] Specifically, evidence points to endophytes producing ABA to affect stomatal conductance as well as microbial respiration and plants recycling CO2. Kujan O, Khattab A, Oliver RJ, et al. Statistical analysis of inter-rater agreement was provided by Sijia Yue, MS at the University of Florida College of Public Health and Health Professions Department of Biostatistics. WebHistologically, it is characterized by stratified squamous epithelium with few atypical cells. Squamous 2014;117(4):51120. Hypertrophic Lichen Planus with Histological Features of 2008;58(1):1517. [68] Epichlo endophytes are being widely used commercially in turf grasses to enhance the performance of the turf and its resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. One example of this plant-endosymbiont interaction occurs between dicotyledonous plants in the Convolvulaceae and clavicipitaceous fungi. PubMed Oral Oncol. Immunohistochemistry for p16 does not distinguish verrucous carcinoma from giant condyloma acuminatum, as both display negative or focal staining.30 Nuclear p53 staining is commonly present but mostly confined to the basal and suprabasal layers. volume15,pages 572587 (2021)Cite this article. Authors Sheldon Sebastian 1 , J Oral Maxillofac Surg. To review the overlapping and distinguishing features of condyloma acuminatum and its mimics, and to clarify confusing terminology and diagnostic criteria for problematic entities. Insufficient crosstalk between genitourinary, gynecologic, gastrointestinal, and general surgical pathologists and dermatopathologists further contributes to the practice gap in this area. 2006;8(2):6770. Head and Neck Pathol 15, 572587 (2021). Almazyad A, Li CC, Woo SB. Lester D. R. Thompson. Keratoacanthoma and infundibulocystic squamous cell carcinoma. It was hoped that perhaps in the future this might provide a possible source of biofuel. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to, SPECIAL SECTIONESSENTIAL DERMATOPATHOLOGY FOR THE GENERAL SURGICAL PATHOLOGIST, PART I, GIANT CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM (BUSCHKE-LWENSTEIN TUMOR), WARTY/WARTY-BASALOID HIGH-GRADE SQUAMOUS INTRAEPITHELIAL LESION AND SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA, https://doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2018-0039-RA, Molecular Profiling of Syringocystadenocarcinoma Papilliferum Reveals, Transcription Factor Immunohistochemistry in the Classification of Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor/Adenoma, Using Pathology Synoptic Reporting Data to Create Individual Dashboards for Pathologists and Surgeons, TRPS1 and GATA3 Expression in Invasive Breast Carcinoma With Apocrine Differentiation, Navigating Practice Issues Related to the Unsatisfactory Cervicovaginal Papanicolaou Test: Survey Results of Laboratories Participating in the 2020 College of American Pathologists PAP Education Program, Updated Salivary Gland Immunohistochemistry: A Review, The Application and Pitfalls of Immunohistochemical Markers in Challenging Diagnosis of Genitourinary Pathology, The Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Autopsies Surrounding the Time of Pandemic Onset: A Retrospective Review of Cases, MicroRed Blood Cell, Fragmented Red Blood Cell, Platelet Distribution Width, Mean Platelet Volume, and PlateletLarge Cell Ratio on Sysmex XN Series Hematology Analyzers Can Be Used for the Reflex Test of Impedance Platelet Count in Clinical Practice. Mller S. Oral epithelial dysplasia, atypical verrucous lesions and oral potentially malignant disorders: focus on histopathology. The .gov means its official. Interobserver agreement in dysplasia grading: toward an enhanced gold standard for clinical pathology trials. 2016 Sep;43(9):759-65. doi: 10.1111/cup.12738. It was first misidentified as the endophyte Gliocladium roseum, but later research showed that it was in fact the saprophyte Ascocoryne sarcoides. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. A, An exophytic and endophytic verrucous squamous proliferation with a bulbous, pushing base. 2017;30(s1):S5467. This article reviews the clinicopathologic features and etiopathogenesis of condyloma acuminatum and its mimics, with an emphasis on their morphologic similarities and unique characteristics that help in their distinction. [11][12], Endophytes may benefit host plants by preventing other pathogenic or parasitic organisms from colonizing them. The large tumor mass compresses but does not infiltrate normal structures. 2007;36(5):25561. As mentioned above, controversy exists regarding the relationship between verrucous carcinoma and giant condyloma acuminatum. Endophyte - Wikipedia Dermatol Surg. J Oral Pathol Med. government site. Characterized by complex, confluent, back to back glandular proliferation, while oncocytic papilloma has a simple exophytic or endophytic growth pattern without architectural complexity High grade tumors may show marked nuclear atypia Nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma: [16] Endophytic fungal hyphae appear to grow at the same rate as their host leaves, within the intercellular spaces of the plant tissue. Cerero-Lapiedra R, Balade-Martinez D, Moreno-Lopez LA, Esparza-Gomez G, Bagan JV. [62], Endophytes have been discovered with various anti-tumor properties. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: a proposal for diagnostic criteria. Speight PM, Abram TJ, Floriano PN, et al. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and its progression to oral carcinoma: a review of the literature. Saraswathi TR, Ranganathan K, Shanmugam S, et al. Conspicuous parakeratosis fills many gaps between the verrucous projections, giving rise to a firm and rigid appearance. The tumor base is round and noninfiltrative. 2004;33(2):6570. [59] Several isolates from the ascomycota Pestalotiopsis sp. It is 3 times more common in men than women, with a predisposition for immunocompromised individuals.20 Giant condyloma acuminatum often covers multiple anatomic structures owing to its large size, most frequently involving the penis and the anorectum. Geetha KM, Leeky M, Narayan TV, Sadhana S, Saleha J. Grading of oral epithelial dysplasia: points to ponder. Papillomatous and endophytic squamous proliferation is present with keratin plug, parakeratin, and mild pleomorphism of keratinocytes extending to the base of the biopsy (a). [73] Despite this, the interest and use of bio-insecticides and using endophytes to aid in plant growth is increasing as organic and sustainable agriculture is considered more important. Although endophytic bacteria and fungi are frequently studied, endophytic archaea are increasingly being considered for their role in plant growth promotion as part of the core microbiome of a plant. Fibrovascular cores are thin and inconspicuous relative to the hypertrophic epithelium. Indeed, Li and Ackerman15 regarded HPV-harboring SK in the anogenital region as synonymous with condyloma acuminatum. Head Neck Pathol. B, Many of the papillae have pointed tips surmounted by church spire parakeratosis. D, There is strong and diffuse p16 immunostaining within the lesion (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 20 [A], 200 [B], 40 [C], and 200 [C, inset]; original magnification 100 [D]). However, in contrast with condyloma acuminatum, which is typically caused by HPV types 6 and 11, VV is most commonly induced by HPV 2, followed by HPV 1, 4, 65, 27, and others.68,69 Distinction of VV and condyloma acuminatum has important clinical implication especially in the pediatric population, as condyloma acuminatum would raise suspicion for sexual abuse, whereas VV is nonsexually transmitted. Mller S. Oral lichenoid lesions: distinguishing the benign from the deadly. Interobserver and intraobserver variability in the histologic assessment of oral lichen planus. The working group then selected 43 single slide biopsy cases for whole slide digital imaging (WSI) review by members of the consensus conference. This enhanced survivability is largely attributed to endophytic production of secondary metabolites which protect against herbivory as well as increased uptake of nutrients. Would you like email updates of new search results? [70], Endophytes appear to enhance the growth of their plant host symbionts. [22], In an experiment investigating the interaction between Miscanthus sinensis and the plant endophyte Herbaspirillum frisingense, a roughly 20% increase in fresh biomass was observed in M. sinensis following inoculation with H. [31] It is suggested that areas of high plant diversity such as tropical rainforests may also contain the highest diversity of endophytic organisms that possess novel and diverse chemical metabolites. Template:Squamous-cell like skin proliferations - Patholines Squamous cell papilloma (SCP) is generally a human papillomavirus (HPV) induced exophytic or endophytic proliferation on the surface of the skin, oral cavity, larynx, esophagus, cervix, vagina, and anal canal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12105-020-01262-9. Ten of the 14 tumors that remained classified as SCC had detectable TP53 mutations. From the Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor. Unlike epidermolytic ichthyosis, which is caused by germline mutation in KRT1 or KRT10, somatic mutations in these genes have not been found in epidermolytic acanthomas.85,86 Interestingly, however, reduced expression of cytokeratin (CK) 1 and CK10 has been demonstrated by immunohistochemistry.85,87 While the exact cause of epidermolytic acanthoma remains unclear, it has been hypothesized that repetitive trauma (scratching) or other stimuli may trigger local disruption of CK1 and CK10 protein synthesis and formation of epidermolytic acanthoma.85, Verruciform xanthoma is a benign proliferation most commonly occurring in the oral cavity. Through association with fungal endophytes, the root and shoot structures of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) saplings in low-nutrient conditions have been shown to be elongated, as well as undergo overall biomass increases. 2018;125(6):591602. A, The papillae are of variable lengths and shapes, covered by irregular well-differentiated squamous epithelium. Indole diterpenes, known as nodulisporic acids, have been harvested from this endophyte which have effective insecticidal properties against the blowfly larvae. Akrish S, Eskander-Hashoul L, Rachmiel A, Ben-Izhak O. Clinicopathologic analysis of verrucous hyperplasia, verrucous carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma as part of the clinicopathologic spectrum of oral proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: a literature review and analysis. Approximately 40% of warts in the genital area of young girls are VV (positive for HPV 2) while the rest are condylomas (positive for HPV 6 or 11).70 The clinical morphologies of VV and condyloma acuminatum are similar in that both are exophytic and verrucous papules, but VV tends to be more hyperkeratotic than condyloma acuminatum. Surgery. Similar to other HPV-negative SCCs of the anogenital tract, verrucous carcinoma is associated with chronic inflammatory conditions such as lichen sclerosus and lichen simplex chronicus, which play a key role in its pathogenesis.29,3133, Clinically, verrucous carcinoma and giant condyloma acuminatum share many common features including large tumor size, verrucous surface, exophytic and endophytic growth, typically slow progression, and virtual lack of metastatic potential.34,35 In addition to the anogenital area, verrucous carcinoma also occurs in the oral cavity, larynx, and extragenital skin.34,36 The warty excrescences in verrucous carcinoma tend to be coarse and irregular, whereas those in giant condyloma acuminatum are finer and more regular.25 Verrucous carcinoma is also more keratotic and firm than giant condyloma acuminatum, which has a more delicate and soft texture.25. Giant Squamous Cell Papilloma of the EyelidDiagnostic and A retrospective 20-year analysis of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and its progression to malignancy and association with high-risk human papillomavirus. endophytic squamous proliferation Connolly M, Narayan S, Oxley J, de Berker DA. 2020;42(3):53955. On the other hand, bulky squamous epithelial proliferation that expands the epithelial thickness at least three-fold is concerning for developing ED. The following month, the patient was noted to have a fluctuant nodule on the right side of his parietal scalp (Fig 1, B).A shave biopsy of the lesion revealed florid Epub 2016 Jun 14. B, Large spinous keratinocytes contain abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and bland nuclei. [65], Some of the antimicrobial compounds produced by endophytic fungi are of interest in their effectiveness against pathogens which have developed resistances to antibiotics. These findings suggest that some cutaneous squamous proliferations on the legs of women with multiple lesions lack prominent cytologic atypia as well as TP53 mutations and might be more akin to keratoacanthoma than SCC or might represent a reactive phenomenon. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) is a spectrum disorder of the oral mucosa that shows characteristic, focal when early, adherent multifocal and Squamous proliferations on the legs of women: 1948;23(4):6708. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. Biopsy of a lesion in the right proximal pretibial region demonstrated an atypical endophytic squamous proliferation, consistent with SCC. Pentenero M, Meleti M, Vescovi P, Gandolfo S. Oral proliferative verrucous leucoplakia: are there particular features for such an ambiguous entity? 2014;36(11):16628. Zain RB, Kallarakkal TG, Ramanathan A, et al. Marginal linear gingival leukoplakia progressing to ring around the collaran ominous sign of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. Background: Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is highly diverse, even in its early stages. The disseminated form most frequently affects genital skin, particularly the scrotum and the vulva.7375 The lesions are skin-colored or whitish papules with a smooth or verruciform surface, frequently confused with condyloma acuminatum clinically.74,76 Multiple reports have confirmed the absence of HPV in epidermolytic acanthomas,73,76,77 although 1 reported case of scrotal epidermolytic acanthoma tested positive for HPV 16 when using a highly sensitive HPV DNA chip.78 It is possible that HPV was an incidental finding, rather than a pathogenic agent, in this isolated case. Epub 2020 Oct 16. 1.7 ). Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. [64][65] Two fusarubin derivatives: anhydrofusarubin and methyl ether of fusarubin were isolated from endophytic fungus Cladosporium sp. Iocca O, Sollecito TP, Alawi F, et al. Google Scholar. Furthermore, while the benefits of endophyte relations are well-studied, the costs of these relations are less well understood, such as the specific carbon costs, the system of endophyte governance, and the environmental conditions that facilitate a proper plant-endophyte relationship. Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia: An Expert Consensus Guideline for Standardized Assessment and Reporting. [24] Additionally, H. frisingense is known to produce indoleacetic acid (IAA),[25] and was also shown to manage IAA genes, indicating that there is an intricate balance maintained between ethylene and IAA by H. The lesion is acanthotic and hyperkeratotic with variable degree of papillomatosis and/or invagination (Figure 8, A).76,79 The histopathologic pattern is that of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (EHK), in which the keratinocytes in the granular and spinous layers display cytoplasmic vacuolation, reticular degeneration, coarse keratohyalin granules, and perinuclear eosinophilic inclusions (Figure 8, B).73,76,79 Despite superficial resemblance to koilocytosis, these unique characteristics of EHK effectively exclude condyloma acuminatum and VV.
