Pine needle tea is consumed in the US and many Asian cultures. If you want to be extra-cautious, using needles from trees with 5 needles per cluster means youll be using only white pine for tea. There are quite a few powerfulpine needle teahealth benefits. "Pine needle extract exerts antidiabetic effects by suppressing hyperglycemia-induced hepatic inflammation and gluconeogenesis" - Park E et al. Feel free to add honey for a bit of sweetness. Famous antiviral medications are known to contain shikimic acid. No medical research confirms this yet, but people have been using suramin for autism and asa powerful antiviral. Chop or snip pine needles into small pieces, discarding the brown covering holding the needle cluster together. (2018) - Pine needle polysaccharides may have antioxidant and anticancer activities. - Pine needle extract can inhibit the replication of human respiratory syncytial virus in vitro and in vivo. The best benefits of pine needle tea may include maximizing the immune system, improving vision, preventing respiratory infections, stimulating circulation, avoiding chronic disease, increasing cognitive performance, strengthening heart health, and speeding healing. Making pine needle tea is easy, and only requires fresh, young pine needles and hot water! This spicy root is also good for mitigating obesity and relief from menstrual pain. - The study found that pine needle extract was able to reduce blood pressure and improve vascular function in obese mice, which may have implications for treating migraines. Vitamin C in Pine Needle Tea is today most closely associated with boosting immunity. (2018) - Pine needle extract may have potential as a preventive and therapeutic agent against cognitive dysfunction and oxidative stress induced by a high-fat diet. Tribulus Terrestris: Top Puncture Vine Uses for Sexual Health, The ONE Vegan Hibiscus Tacos Recipe You Have To Try, 5 Ways Anise Seed Benefits Your Health: Uses and Recipes, pine needle tea reviews from our customers here. by Kim, Y. M. et al. Fat: 0 grams. Though Pine Needle Tea benefits the mind, body and soul in a plethora of ways, it isnt a fix-all solution to your ailments. Serving any of these as a Loose Herbal Tea can lead to adverse Pine Needle Tea side effects. Its ready to serve as soon as its cool enough to drink. The tea has a woodsy fragrance with a pleasant citrusy flavor. [10], May Be Rich in Antioxidants: Pine needle tea could be a very rich source of antioxidants which may be essential for fighting free radicals, chronic conditions, and preventing diseases. These sellers on Etsy ship fresh and dried pine needles. Kang GJ, et al. Heres what to know about how to use crab apples. (2008): This study found that pine needle powder had anti-stress effects on brain function in mice. Pine trees are native to the Northern Hemisphere but are now found across the world, from cold to subtropical regions. Handcrafted Holistic Remedies - A curated collection of nature's most powerful antidotes - essential to optimal wellbeing in the present world. "Pine needle extract exhibits anti-influenza activity through blocking virus entry and primary transcription/replication" by Lee et al. "Pine needle extract inhibits invasion and induces apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells" by S. H. Park et al. Many foragers prefer the flavor of younger needles, which youll find toward the end of the branches. Yes, you can drink this tea every day, but be careful not to consume too much. Place the Tea-filled accessory into a cup or mug. If you are in need of a natural expectorant whether due to acommon cold, flu, a hard-to-shake cough, or another mucus-related illness pine needle tea is a must-have herbal medicine. This is a hormone found in humans and animals alike, one that is arguably best recognised for affecting sex drive. - The study found that pine needle extract was able to protect against mitochondrial dysfunction in PC12 cells and extend the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans, suggesting potential benefits for treating migraines. Please consult them for more information and a licensed professional for personalized recommendations. Cut off any of the brown ends or sheaths of the needles - they can also just be pulled off. "The effects of pine needle extract on oxidative stress and inflammation in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease" by S.H. "Effects of pine bark extract on oxidative stress in rat brain" by Y. S. Kim et al. That is why pine needle tea is often included as a holistic treatment to cure issues with these symptoms. Chop or snip pine needles into small pieces, discarding the brown covering holding the needle cluster together. Not only will it relax you and transport you to a green, lush forest, but pine needle tea offers many benefits as it is packed with nutrients! This simple foraged tea is a delightful and nourishing way to enjoy the flavors and benefits of pine. - Pine needle oil and its components can have anti-cancer effects against gastric cancer cells. If youre trying to make as much as you can from the plants growing in your yard, you might be interested in the leaves of the lavender plant, which can be used like their pretty flowers. "Pine needle powder supplementation induces lipid metabolism in the liver of high-fat diet-induced obese mice." 15 Benefits of Pine Needle Tea: Why It's Good for You The Power of Pine Needle Tea. What remains most essential to note is that you should avoid brewing up leaves from almost any other pine species that isnt Pinus strobus. How to get oil out of clothes? "Effects of pine needle extract supplementation on lipid metabolism in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet." "Pine needle extract exerts antiplatelet activity through inhibition of GSK3" by S. H. Kim et al. Different pine needles will have different flavors and intensity. Short List of Pine Needle Tea Benefits - Let's Drink Our Way to Good 9 Health Reasons To Explore The Benefits Of Pine Needles - Organic Soul Bright and refreshing pine needle tea not only tastes delicious, its also rich in compounds linked to better health. Actually, pine needles have many more health benefits and the best part is theyre delicious and have many uses and ways of preparation. - Betulinic acid, a compound found in pine needle extract, demonstrated anti-influenza activity. What Is Pine Needle Tea Good For? - fullcoffeeroast.com (2017) - Pine needle extract may have potential as an anti-fatigue agent by improving mitochondrial function. Known to boost immunity and health, address respiratory ailments, and calm inflammation and slow the aging process, pine needle tea has a long history of use in Japan, Russia, Korea, Europe, and North America as a traditional herbal remedy. "Inhibitory effects of pine needle extract on replication of human rhinovirus and enterovirus" by Lee et al. (2019), Anti-platelet aggregation effects of pine needle extract" by H. J. Kim et al. Love learning about medicinal herbs? Note: Pregnant women are advised to avoid spruce and pine tea. Kim Y, et al. I happen to have a spruce tree growing in my yard, so spruce tea is something I make often in the colder months, when all my home-grown herbs have long since died. So, how do you make and use best pine needle tea? - Pine needle extract may improve cognitive function by increasing acetylcholine levels and reducing oxidative stress in the brain. by Kang, M. C. et al. Some of these are: [14], For pregnant women: The USDA cautioned against the ingestion of ponderosa pine needles. Please consult a licensed professional concerning any health condition. Pine Needle Tea Effects on Weight Management, Conclusion: Pine Needle Tea Health Benefits, The Kent and Sussex Tea and Coffee Company. Pine needle tea is a great natural remedy for acne and skin problems overall. A more practical alternative to pine needle tea is pine needle extract or tincture. Add chopped needles to a cup or mug and pour in 2 cups of boiling water. Sign up for newsletter today. Find out more and grab your copy here. White Pine bark contains Pycnogenol with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics, which aids in maintaining a healthy cardiovascular system. It might cause complications during both pregnancy and breastfeeding periods and potentially affect milk supply. Be sure to browse our vast selection to find some absolute delights! If you are like many others out there, you most likely had no idea your white pine trees may be beneficial for your body. - Pine needle extract has potential as a natural treatment for influenza by interfering with viral replication and entry. Our Pine Needle Tea is made from freshly harvested Eastern White Pine needles and crafted in small batches daily to provide you with the finest, most nutrient dense tea available. Boil a pot of water and add the pine needles to the water. Heres more detail on identifying spruce vs fir vs pine. Let it steep for 5-10 minutes (the longer you leave it, the stronger it tastes.). "Pine Cone Extracts Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Replication by Targeting Viral RNA Polymerase" by Choi et al. Having ample amounts and vitamin A and C may also result in . "Pine needle oil induces G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human cervical cancer cells" by Ji-Young Lee et al. One of the more popular preparations for pine is to brew the young needles as a medicinal tea. Here are more than 45 options to consider for your medicinal herb garden. But theres a catch. in Journal of Medicinal Food (2015). And as a herbal remedy for coughs and colds, a steaming cup of pine needle tea may provide some much-needed relief. Cut off any of the brown ends or sheaths of the needles - they can also just be pulled off. The data of the present study indicated that pine needle oil induces G2/M arrest in HepG2 cells by facilitating ATM activation.Pine needle extracts sensitize GBM8901 human glioblastoma cells to temozolomide by downregulating autophagy Liao CL, Chen CM, Chang YZ, Liu GY, Hung HC, Hsieh TY, Lin CL. There are different variations that are made of different parts of the plant and provide a unique flavor. - Pine needle extract improved glucose metabolism by activating AMP-activated protein kinase in diabetic mice. "Antioxidant and anticancer activities of pine needle polysaccharides" by J. M. Kim et al. "Pine needle extract attenuates hippocampal oxidative stress and cognitive impairment induced by chronic restraint stress in rats" by Lee et al. More about me and my green projects here. "Pine needle extract reduces lipid peroxidation and improves glutathione status in healthy adults" by Kim et al. "In vitro antiviral activity of pine needle extract against canine distemper virus" by Kwon et al. "Pine needle extract inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation through the regulation of nuclear factor-B and mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathways in BV2 microglial cells" by Kim YJ et al. You can use this tea to wash your face or use it with a cotton pad as a face toner. The study found that pine needle extract reduced lipid accumulation and increased lipolysis in HepG2 cells. "Effect of pine needle extract on blood pressure in individuals with hypertension: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial" by M. Kim et al. Want some super-simple ways to live healthier now? Suramin, a compound first introduced for the treatment of African sleeping sickness in 1922, is being studied for a variety of applications and treatments, including viral and parasitic diseases, cancer, snakebite antidote, and autism. "Anti-stress effects of pine needle powder on brain function" by Lee et al. Bring a pot of water to boil, and then add in the freshly cut pine needles. More research is, undoubtedly, required before any confirmation can be made. Kim W, Park C, Park J, Cheong H, Kim SJ. How to Make Pine Needle Tea for Vitamin C and Wellness - Joybilee Farm More than you wanted to know, perhaps, but its irksome when people share foraging information and dont bother to check theyre correct. "In Vitro Evaluation of the Antiviral Effects of Pine Needles (Pinus densiflora) Against SARS-CoV-2" by Kim et al. - Pine needle extract may protect against oxidative stress and cell death in neuronal cells by activating antioxidant enzymes. Lee et al. Benefits of calamansi juice include bleaching the skin, detoxifying the body, aiding in weight loss & managing diabetes. Inhibitory effects of cedar pine needle extract on H9N2 avian influenza virus in vitro and in vivoMingzheng Han - Pine needle extract may inhibit the proliferation of pathogens, regulate the immune response, and reduce host tissue damage and may serve as a potential target for drug development against H9N2 avian influenza virus. Results showed that pine needle extract and chrysin may serve as a potential anticancer agent against glioblastoma (cancer).Pine Needle Extract Applicable to Topical Treatment for the Prevention of Human Papillomavirus Infection Lee HJ, Park M, Choi H, Nowakowska A, Moon C, Kwak JH, Kim YB. It plays a vital role in sperm production, bone and muscle mass, fat storage and red blood cell production. "Anti-diabetic effects of pine cone extracts on glucose metabolism" - Park SY et al. "Effects of pine needle extract on the lipid metabolism and antioxidative capacity in rats fed a high-fat diet" by Jin et al. These possible benefits include:, Making your own pine needle tea is a simple and fun way to benefit your health. "Erectogenic and neurotrophic effects of icariin, a purified extract of horny goat weed (Epimedium spp.) "Inhibition of amyloid beta aggregation and neurotoxicity by pine needle extracts of Pinus densiflora" by Lee et al. - Pine cone extract, which contains pine needle extract, can inhibit the replication of respiratory syncytial virus. Pin to save this info on how to make pine needle tea for later! "Pine needle extract attenuates alcoholic liver injury in mice" by Park HJ et al. There are about 20 known toxic varieties of pine trees, so do thorough research or acquire pine needles from a trained herbalist or natural medicine practitioner. - Pine needle oil can induce cell cycle arrest in liver cancer cells. "Pine needle extract attenuates cognitive decline by rescuing glutamatergic synaptic dysfunction in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease" by S.H. (2020) - Pine needle extract may have potential as a cognitive enhancer by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities in the hippocampus. Ive read that the older needles may have more vitamin C, but I havent found any study supporting that claim. "Pine needle extract (Pinus densiflora) ameliorates obesity by regulating adipogenesis and lipogenesis through AMPK and PPAR- in 3T3-L1 adipocytes." Pine needles bath will alsorecharge your energy and give you a mood boost. in Food & Function (2015). "Antiviral activity of pine needles extract against human respiratory syncytial virus in vitro and in vivo" by Choi et al. White Tea Benefits, Nutrition, Recipes and More - Dr. Axe "Pine needle extract improves hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy and vascular endothelial dysfunction" by Gyeong-Je Lee et al. "Pine bark extract reduces glycosylated hemoglobin level in patients with type 2 diabetes" - Belcaro G et al. "Pine needle extract attenuates thrombosis through inhibition of platelet aggregation and activation" by H. J. Kim et al. Kim et al. "Antioxidant and antidiabetic effects of pine needle extract in high fat diet-induced obese mice"- Lee YJ et al. Welcome to our BLOG featuring health benefits and medical research on our Immune Boosting White Pine Needle Tea including antioxidant, anti-cancerous, anti-thrombogenic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-microbial, and it's ability to help as a spike protein and graphene oxide detox. Consider it, in other words, the perfect alternative to sugary, fatty soft drinks. - Pine needle extract can inhibit the replication of respiratory syncytial virus in vitro and in vivo. Part of a family of renowned Tea planters dating back four generations, he was born in Calcutta (Kolkata), India, where he spent his childhood between Tea Estates in Assam and Darjeeling. Many readers have asked about purchasing pine needles for pine tea. It turns out that Pine Needle Tea calories are minimal at best, which is excellent news among those looking to cut down their intake. This Herbal Tea comes from the Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus). As an optional step, you can strain the needles. "The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Pine Needle Extract (Pinus densiflora) on Pulmonary Inflammation Induced by Urban Particulate Matter (PM10)" by Young-Sun Kim et al. - The study found that pine needle extract was able to reduce obesity and improve insulin resistance in mice, which may have implications for treating migraines. in Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture (2014). Were not scientists, nor are we doctors. - Pine needle extract may have protective effects against cognitive dysfunction in diabetes by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain. Eastern White Pine Tree Needles: A Natural Source of Anti-Infective All rice noodles and rice paper wraps are gluten-free as they are made wholly from rice. Cho JH, et al. by Kim, S. K. et al. Lost your password? "Pine needle extract reduces the expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and oxidative stress in human retinal pigment epithelial cells" by Young-Jun Park et al. "The Effects of Pinus densiflora Extract on Inflammatory Responses and Oxidative Stress in High Glucose-Treated A549 Cells" by Jong-Rok Lee et al. White pine tree tea benefits include: It's jam-packed with Vitamin C (5 times more than lemons). Effects of polyprenols from pine needles of Pinus massoniana on ameliorating cognitive impairment in a D-galactose-induced mouse model. Most discernible is its distinct herbaceous taste with undertones akin to Peppermint Tea. 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC, an Internet Brands company. Pine needles are bursting withvitamin C, with 4 to 5 times more vitamin C than a glass of orange juice! But the pampering spa experience doesnt stop there with pine! White Pine Needle Tea Benefits. Second, pine needles have useful medicinal properties that make them helpful for supporting health and alleviating cold symptoms. This Herbal Tea could work on a molecular level to combat free radicals in the body, thereby slowing the natural, though harmful, process of oxidative stress. "Pinus densiflora bark extract ameliorates diet-induced obesity and regulates adipocyte differentiation in mice." "Anti-atherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory actions of green needle complex polysaccharide from Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) bark" by Shimoda et al. "The effects of pine needle extract on learning and memory in the senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) strain" by Lee et al. (Additional studies here, here, and here. "Pine needle extract exerts antidiabetic effects via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase" - Kim JH et al. last updated - June 20, 2021 To begin with, collect or purchase fresh pine needles. Are There Health Benefits to Drinking White Tea? - WebMD Though some people refer to all evergreens as pines, there are actually many different types of conifer, and not all are safe to consume. [1] [2]. Here are more than 25 medicinal trees to explore if youre curious. - Pine needle extract can protect pancreatic beta-cells from oxidative stress-induced damage. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. Heres more on uses for it from Eat the Weeds. Lee EH, et al. If you are foraging for pine needles, it is advisable to do so with an expert. (2014) - Pine needle extract may have potential as an anti-inflammatory agent. Historically, the Native Americans, particularly the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois), considered White Pine Trees the Tree of Peace. Knowledge of its healing properties eventually garnered the attention of Eurocentric science and research, including its abundance in Vitamin C. One of the first examples of applying Pine Needle Tea benefits was against scurvy - how the times have changed. Harvest needles from a tree that hasnt been sprayed with chemicals, which may mean avoiding public parks or yards where homeowners spray their lawns with herbicides. - Pine needle extract can inhibit the replication of canine distemper virus, which can cause respiratory infections. He co-founded the literary journal, Sheriff Nottingham, and now serves as the Content Director for Staind Arts, a non-profit based in Denver, Colorado. (2009): This study found that pine needle powder had an antidepressant-like effect in mice and suggested that the effect may be due to modulation of the serotonergic system. I also harvest some of the new spruce tips in late spring. - Pine needle extract can decrease oxidative stress caused by influenza A virus infection. "Inhibitory effects of pine needle extract on collagen-induced platelet activation" by S. H. Kim et al. One of the pine needle tea benefits is that it is a caffeine-free herbal tea and is a perfect alternative to your morning coffee! Inhibitory effect of pine extract on alpha-glucosidase activity and postprandial hyperglycemia Yong-Mu Kim - Pine extract can be used to suppress postprandial hyperglycemia of diabetic patients. Antioxidants help our bodies deal with something called oxidative stress, which can affect proteins and DNA in ways that may contribute to chronic disease, like cancer and inflammatory conditions like arthritis. Your Loose Leaf Tea is ready to enjoy at your leisure. BalkanHerb is an online herbal store dedicated to helping people maintain and improve their health in an empowering and natural way. in Food Science & Nutrition (2019). "Antihyperglycemic and antioxidative effects of pine honey" - Gulcan HO et al. One of the most famous examples of its early use is when the Iroquois saved the Frenchman Jacques Cartiers dying crew with pine needle tea in 1543. How to Brew Pine Needle Tea - Tea Life Then strain the water to remove the needles and pour the tea into mugs. Inflamed patches on the skin. ), remember that untruths might be included. (Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2009) - pine bark extract may have anti-inflammatory effects, which could be useful for treating erectile dysfunction. The bioflavonoids in pine needles are high in antioxidants, thanks to the vitamin C levels. "The antidepressant-like effects of pine needle oil in mice" by Lee et al. There are other medicinal herbs you may want to consider during pregnancy, such as Raspberry Leaf Tea which strengthens the uterine wall, and even so during second and third trimesters. in high-fat diet-induced obese mice." We can find its mention in memoirs, encyclopedias, and folklore. Recent reports have led some to believe that Pine Needle Tea is a miracle cure. What are the benefits of white pine needle tea? - Your Health Your Choice "Pinus densiflora extract protects against mitochondrial dysfunction in PC12 cells and extends the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans." All these presents catechin in pine needle could be a potential cardiovascular medicine.Anti-inflammatory properties of fermented pine needle on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells Hui-Fang Chiu - The outcome of this study distinctly showed that EAE-FPN displayed potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities by regulating NF-B signaling pathway. The study found that a mixture of Pinus koraiensis and pine needle extracts reduced body weight gain, fat mass, and inflammation in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Your email address will not be published. "The Anticancer Effect of Pine Needle Extracts in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells" by Y. R. Lee et al. "Pine needle extract enhances immune function and increases resistance to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in mice" by H. J. Kim et al. It was noted that pine needle tea may inhibitleukemiacell growth and protect people againstDNA damage. in Nutrition Research and Practice (2016). Place chopped needles in a teapot or cup and cover with freshly boiled water. Antioxidants help to scavenge harmful toxins and byproducts that can damage cells, leading to the myriad of health problems just mentioned. In fact, pine needles tea is excellent for the skin giving you a shiny complexion,strongnails, andstrongsmoothhair. Technically you can let the water boil, but this could destroy some of the nutrients youre extracting from the needles. - Pine needle extract reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in human airway epithelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke, indicating potential as a preventative agent against lung disease caused by smoking. "Inhibitory effects of pine needle extract on the aggregation of amyloid- peptide in vitro" by M.S. "Pine bark extract improves blood glucose control and cardiovascular risk factors in prediabetic subjects" - Liu X et al. "Pine needle extract inhibits influenza virus infection by interfering with viral entry and viral RNA polymerase" by Jeong et al. "Antiviral effects of pine needle powder against influenza B virus" by Kim et al. SOURCES:Antioxidants: Anti-Inflammatory Principles from the Needles of Pinus taiwanensis Hayata and In Silico Studies of Their Potential Anti-Aging Effects.Johns Hopkins Medicine: Herbal Medicine.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry: Flavor compounds of pine sprout tea and pine needle tea. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine: Arginine, scurvy and Cartier's tree of life. Read more! - Pine needle extract improved glucose metabolism and prevented memory impairment induced by stress in mice. The most impressive fact about pine needle tea is that it contains 4-5 times more vitamin C than orange juice, which is commonly praised for its immune-boosting properties.This high dose of vitamin C can stimulate the production of white blood cells, promote antioxidant activity throughout the body, lower your risk of chronic disease, and speed healing and collagen production. . Drinking our Immune Boosting White Pine Needle Tea benefits support cell mitochondria, detoxify & protect cells from damage. "In vitro inhibition of 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and aromatase by a pine extract" by M. Konrad et al. We remain sceptical. Pour the hot water over the needles in the cup. This tea is unparalleled in protecting your respiratory system in the challenging times of respiratory virus pandemics. , Luckily, reports indicate that pine needle tea can cure even the most severe cases of scurvy and can protect people who are at risk for developing this condition., Other potential health benefits are associated with the compounds in pine needle tea, but none have been verified in human subjects. Its worth noting, too, that The Kent and Sussex Tea and Coffee Company stock the finest around. You should specifically avoid yew trees.. "Inhibitory effects of pine needle extract and its constituents, pinusolide and quercetin 3--D-glucoside, on allergic inflammatory response" by Kang SY et al. The main beneficial nutrient extracted from pine needles when you make tea is vitamin C. All of the edible species contain this beneficial nutrient. People mainly describe the pine needle tea taste as piney similar to the way pine needles smell. by Choi, J. H. et al. The Encyclopedia of American Indian Contributions to the World records how the Native Americans used white pine for its expectorant and decongestant qualities. The study found that a pine needle extract reduced body weight gain, fat mass, and inflammation in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. [12], May Help Improve Cognitive Function: Early studies on the effect of this potent tea on neurodegenerative diseases have shown promising results. Her first book, Everything Elderberry, released in September 2020 and has been a #1 new release in holistic medicine, naturopathy, herb gardening, and other categories. (2018) - Pine needle extract may have antiproliferative effects on human colon cancer cells. "Pine needle extract inhibits the expression of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory mediators in BV2 microglial cells" by Jung JI et al. Antioxidants help our body combat outside stress and fight free radicals, which prevents damage of our cells. In the natural world, life-saving vitamins can come from entirely unexpected sources like the needles on a pine tree. "Pine needle extract (Pinus densiflora) supplementation reduces high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice: Phytochemical analysis and mechanistic insights."

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