Error message | View complete answer on https://www.britannica.com Are the Nazca Plate and South American plates divergent plates? Cocos Tectonic Plate | LAC Geo The North American Plate is one of the slowest, averaging around 1 cm/y in the south up to almost 4 cm/y in the north. Crater Lake partially fills the caldera of a volcano that erupted and collapsed in on Itself 7,700 years ago. Find the boundary between the North American and Cocos plates. Off the Pacific coast, the Cocos plate is subducted beneath both the North American and Caribbean plates, which are separated by a sinistral transcurrent boundary. Redwood National and State Parks, California Photo courtesy of Robert J. Lillie. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Is the Cocos plate convergent or divergent? - Our Planet Today The fact that the plates include both crustal material and lithospheric mantle material makes it possible for a single plate to be made up of both oceanic and continental crust. What type of plate boundary is North American and Eurasian Plates? The 6-mile (10-kilometer) wide caldera is about 2,000 feet (600 meters) deep. The caldera has partially filled with water an approximately half-scale version of the better-known Crater Lake in Oregon. Sediment that has accumulated on the continental slope is thrust up into an accretionary wedge, and compression leads to thrusting within the continental plate (Figure \(\PageIndex{7}\)). Plate Boundaries Divergent UU) Transform North American Plate Convergent Other Plate Motion Caribbean Plate Indias Plate motion vectors rotated based on the direction of plate movement Cocos Plate Pacific Plate South American Plate Google Earth Z age Landsat / Copernicus ata SIO, NOAA . Mount Rainier is a 14,000 foot (4,300 meter) volcano in the Cascade Range developed above the place where the subducting Juan de Fuca Plate reaches sufficient depth to release hot fluids into the overriding North American Plate. Regional tectonics of Central America are mainly controlled by the collision of the Cocos and the Caribbean plates. This beauty is part of the reason that residents and visitors have learned to tolerate, and develop ways to mitigate, the effects of earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptionsbeasts that are consequences of the same tectonic forces that create the regions beauty. The Coast Range (accretionary wedge), Great Valley (forearc basin), and Sierra Nevada (volcanic arc) still reflect the subduction zone topography. The Pacific plate is subducting beneath the Philippine Sea plate to the east while the west/northwestern part of the Philippine Sea plate is subducting beneath the continental Eurasian plate. With continued uplift and erosion, most of the volcanic material would erode. A variety of earthquakes shake the Pacific Northwest due to plate-tectonic activity. As explained above, most transform faults connect segments of mid-ocean ridges and are thus ocean-ocean plate boundaries (Figure \(\PageIndex{11}\)). Crater Lake in Crater Lake National Park partially fills the large depression formed when a composite volcano erupted and collapsed in on itself 7,700 years ago. The east coast of North America is a passive margin and not a plate boundary. Note that the dark blue line does not run further up the coast. Are transform boundaries continental or oceanic? Is the Cocos Plate convergent or divergent? - Study.com Is the Philippine plate convergent or divergent? The west side of California is moving north, and the east side is moving south. The Cocos plate is a geologically young oceanic tectonic plate.It is beneath the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of Central America. It was preceded by Pannotia (600 to 540 Ma), by Rodinia (1,100 to 750 Ma), and by others before that. At present, North and South America, Europe, and Africa are moving with their respective portions of the Atlantic Ocean. o The boundary is found far from the North American Plate in the Pacific Ocean The boundary appears to be situated on a mid-ocean ridge ( ) The boundary is found close to the North American Plate. If this continues without changing for another couple hundred million years, we will be back to where we started, with one supercontinent. The Philippine Sea plate is tectonically unusual in that almost all the boundaries are convergent. What type of plate boundaries is the Cocos Plate? - WisdomAnswer The Caribbean plate is sandwiched between the North American and South American plates to the east and the Cocos, Nazca and North Andean plates to the west. Another, Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, is a vast region that extends across the accretionary wedge and volcanic arc, and is built of accreted terranes. The grinding action also produces devastating earthquakes, including some that result in giant tsunami waves. As fluid basalt lava flows into the ocean it forms a pile of globular structures known as pillows. Hydrothermal features on the flanks of Lassen Peak include numerous hot springs, mudpots and fumaroles that suggest there is still hot magma beneath the mountain. Sandstone and shale layers at Kenai Fjords are commonly metamorphosed and were so deformed during subduction and uplift that they are vertical in places. The forearc basin is the Willamette Valley in Oregon and Puget Sound in Washington. Off the Pacific coast, the Cocos plate is subducted beneath both the North American and Caribbean plates, which are separated by a sinistral transcurrent boundary. Puget Sound and the Willamette Valley are areas near sea level between the coastal and volcanic mountain ranges. Magma from the mantle pushing up to fill the voids left by divergence of the two plates, Magma cooling more slowly in the lower part of the new crust and forming gabbro bodies, Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Plates tect2 en by the. CC BY. The subduction formed a line of volcanoes stretching all the way from Alaska to Central America. 10.4: Plate, Plate Motions, and Plate Boundary Processes The other piece became the Nazca plate.The Cocos plate also broke into two pieces, creating the small Rivera plate. Visitors to Olympic National Park, Oregon Caves National Monument, or Redwood National and State Parks can look down and imagine the top of the Juan de Fuca Plate about 10 miles (16 kilometers) beneath their feet. The eastern margins of North and South America and the western margins of Europe and Africa are called passive margins because there is no subduction taking place along them. This can be demonstrated by stacking the three quarters with California on the bottom, overlain by Oregon and then Washington. Mazama, Aniakchak no longer holds a large lake because the caldera wall is breached. The North American plate is moving to the west-southwest at about 2.3 cm (~1 inch) per year driven by the spreading center that created the Atlantic Ocean, the Mid Atlantic Ridge. Crater Lake National Park has the 9th deepest lake in the world. Divergent boundaries are spreading boundaries, where new oceanic crust is created from magma derived from partial melting of the mantle caused by decompression as hot mantle rock from depth is moved toward the surface (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)). As discussed in the context of subduction-related volcanism in Chapter 4, the significant volume of water within the subducting material is released as the subducting crust is heated. Legal. Mazama 7,700 years before, the material expelled from its magma chamber did not spew forth out of the top of the volcano. . This plate is small. Mantle flow in the RiveraCocos subduction zone - OUP Academic This plate is bound by the North-American and Caribbean Plates to the north-east, the small Rivera Plate to the north-west, the Pacific Plate to the west, More recent studies of continental matchups and the magnetic ages of ocean-floor rocks have enabled us to reconstruct the history of the break-up of Pangea. 10.4 Plate, Plate Motions, and Plate Boundary Processes Introduction The Cocos Plate is a relatively small sized, triangular-shaped oceanic plate located just west of Mexico and the Caribbean. A continent-continent collision occurs when a continent or large island that has been moved along with subducting oceanic crust collides with another continent (Figure \(\PageIndex{8}\)). Solved Tectonic Plates Use this map to answer the following - Chegg Mazama that formed Crater Lake. Farther east the Juan de Fuca Plate descends deeper and deeper. Lassen Peak in Lassen Volcanic National Park is an amalgamation of rhyolite lava domes. Transform boundaries exist where one plate slides past another without production or destruction of crustal material. Likewise, individual volcanic eruptions may add only a thin layer to the surface. Silica-rich ash melted and coated the hot engine turbines with glass, causing all four of them to shut down. Farther east, the continent began to rift apart in the Basin and Range Province. What type of plate boundaies are found between the Cocos, Nazca, and Pacific plates? Along these boundaries, earthquakes are common and magma (molten rock) rises from the Earths mantle to the surface, solidifying to create new oceanic crust. The most famous example of a transform boundary is the San Andreas Fault in California. Jennifer Natoli was a seasonal ranger at Redwood National and State Parks in California. The two parallel mountain ranges influence many of the physical and cultural aspects of the Pacific Northwest. View the full answer. Pangea began to rift apart along a line between Africa and Asia and between North America and South America at around 200 Ma. The distribution and depths of earthquakes in the Caribbean and Central America area are shown in Figure 11.2.3. Credit: Photo Courtesy of Robert J. Lillie. By 50 Ma, Australia had separated from Antarctic, and shortly after that, India collided with Asia. Transform boundaries are places where plates slide sideways past each other. Where are Puerto Rico and Hispaniola located on the plate? Is the Cocos Plate convergent or divergent? The largest (locked zone earthquakes) occur where the Juan de Fuca and North American plates are stuck together, as they have been for the past three centuries. EESA06 Module 4 Flashcards | Quizlet And at times, lower-silica components of their magma chambers erupt, producing basalt lava flows as well as cinders and volcanic bombs. Finally, using a highlighter or colored pencil, label as many of the boundaries as you can as divergent, convergent, or transform. Caribbean Plate | Geology Page Pillow lavas form on the ocean floor where erupting magma encounters cold sea water. Elias National Park Redoubt Volcano A small piece of California, including . Plate tectonics is the theory that the crust of the earth is broken up into giant slabs of rocks that sort of fit together like puzzle pieces. That may not seem like much, but when tens of thousands of earthquakes occur over a few million years, coastal ranges form. Californias San Andreas fault is a transform boundary. An example is the San Andreas Fault, which extends from the southern end of the Juan de Fuca Ridge to the northern end of the East Pacific Rise (ridge) in the Gulf of California (Figures 10.28 and 10.29). This plate is small. Examples of ocean-ocean convergent zones are subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the North America Plate south of Alaska (Aleutian Islands) and beneath the Philippine Plate west of the Philippines, subduction of the India Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate south of Indonesia, and subduction of the Atlantic Plate beneath the Caribbean Plate (see Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)). The three West Coast states are especially meaningful because they have geologic features that, when the quarters are stacked, represent the surface and subsurface of the chain of volcanoes that has been developing over the past 200 million years. Rift Valley - National Geographic Society The Coast Range and Cascades are the two parallel mountain ranges that form the Cascadia Subduction Zone in the Pacific Northwest. Find the boundary between the North American and Cocos plates. For example, the Queen Charlotte Fault connects the north end of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, starting at the north end of Vancouver Island, to the Aleutian subduction zone. It is bordered by the Caribbean, North American, Pacific, and Nazca tectonic plates. Solved Examine the figure below. What type of plate - Chegg This subduction-subduction-transform (SST) triple junction is referred to hereafter as the NACC triple junction. . Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.org. The 1,200-kilometer-long San Andreas fault zone is part of the boundary between the Pacific and North American plates, and thus is known as a transform fault. Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are all found in abundance. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. See Appendix 3 for Exercise 10.5 answers. North America plate, Australia plate, Antarctic plate, Nazca plate, Filipino plate, Cocos plate, Juan de Fuca plate. The types are ocean-ocean, ocean-continent, and continent-continent. The Cocos plate was created about 23 million years ago when a larger plate broke into two pieces. But if the lava spills out from beneath the ocean, it encounters cold water and hardens quickly as a pile of pillows. Once this happens, the continents will no longer continue to move apart because the spreading at the mid-Atlantic ridge will be taken up by subduction. The mafic magma produced adjacent to the subduction zone rises to the base of the continental crust and leads to partial melting of the crustal rock. The subducting boundary through Indonesia is not parallel to the biogeographical Wallace line that separates the indigenous fauna of Asia from that of Australasia. Between 200 and 150 Ma, rifting started between South America and Africa and between North America and Europe, and India moved north toward Asia. Later, most of the settlers coming on the Oregon Trail continued past central Oregon and Washington to the lush farmland of the Willamette Valley and Puget Sound, the low-lying region between the two rising mountain ranges. Rainier in Mt. Eventually Africa will split apart. This is the zone where the two plates have been locked together since the last great earthquake occurred in the year 1700. And as time ticks on, the region awaits sudden release of energy locked between the converging plates as a devastating earthquake. If two tectonic plates collide, they form a convergent plate boundary. What type of plate boundary is between the Nazca and Cocos Plate? The part of the plate around the Australia plate is moving southwards. Over time, the San Andreas boundary has grown longer as the Farallon Plate split into two separate platesthe Juan de Fuca Plate on the north, and the Cocos Plate on the south. Effects of the 1964 earthquake are quite spectacular in the park; the coastline dropped so much that in places it lies submerged beneath about 8 feet (2.5meters) of water. All volcanic eruptions in Iceland, such as the 1973 eruption of Eldfell, the 1783 eruption of Laki, and the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajkull, are caused by the North American and the Eurasian Plates moving apart, which is a result of divergent plate boundary forces. This plate is small. Lake Clark National Park and Preserve contains an active composite volcano with a profile and recent history reminiscent of Mt. St. Helens, a lava dome later grew within the breached crater near the mountains summit. The collapse caldera from the Katmai eruption is about 3 miles (5 kilometers) across and 2,000 feet (600 meters) deep. In the past, that was true. A forearc basin develops in the low area between the two mountain ranges. Some of the processes taking place in this setting include: Spreading is hypothesized to start within a continental area with up-warping or doming related to an underlying mantle plume or series of mantle plumes. Transform faults are not limited to oceanic crust and spreading centers; many of them are on continental margins. The Sierra Nevada are a remnant of volcanoes that extended southward when the ancient Farallon Plate dove beneath the edge of North America. Katmai National Park Olympic National Park, Washington Often it is the older and colder plate that is denser and subducts beneath the younger and hotter plate. But parks in the Cascade Mountains within the same subduction zone are dramatically different. The roots of ancient mountain belts, which are present along the eastern margin of North America, the western margin of Europe, and the northwestern margin of Africa, show that these land masses once collided with each other to form a mountain chain, possibly as big as the Himalayas. This plate is rotating counter clockwise in towards the Pacific plate. The rising water melts rock in its path, forming a volcanic arc on the overrriding plate. The part of the plate around the South America plate is moving northwards and a little east. Near their boundary, the plates can lock together for centuries, then suddenly let go as a giant earthquake. Without warning the plane flew right through the eruption cloud at 25,000 feet (7,500 meters) altitude. Bold numbers are the years of moderately large (larger than about M7) historical earthquakes written next to their approximate location. USGS photo. What are the three types of convergent plate boundaries? (Click on arrows and slide left and right to see labels.). On the western edge of the plate is a continuous subduction zone where the Cocos, Panama, and North Andean Plates are all converging with the Caribbean Plate. Many National Park Service sites are found in active and ancient subduction zones. The Cascadia Subduction Zone and Southern Alaska are the sites of ongoing subduction as the Pacific and Juan de Fuca plates slide beneath the North American Plate. Cocos Island rides on it.. This plate is moving northwest towards the Australia, Filipino, and Eurasia plates. The types are ocean-ocean, ocean-continent, and continent-continent. NPS photo. Plate Tectonics | Pacific Northwest Seismic Network The explanation is that plates move in a rotational manner. A transform plate boundary developed where the Pacific Plate was in contact with the North American Plate and the volcanism ceased in central California. Africa plate, Nazca plate, Scotia plate, Caribbean plate, Antarctic plate, North America plate. Transform boundaries where plates slide passed each other. Listing total number of features into an ArcGIS Online feature pop-up, Convergent boundaries: where two plates are colliding. This is what has happened in the Sierra Nevada of central and southern California, as represented by the granite-type rocks of Half Dome within Yosemite National Park shown on the California state quarter. As a result of this collision, the oceanic Cocos plate is subducted below the Caribbean along the Mesoamerican trench plate at speeds ranging from 2 in. Chapter 2 Flashcards | Quizlet Answers for geologist, scientists, spacecraft operators. Is the Nazca plate convergent or divergent? Gases may be trapped in them under high pressure. This map shows the Juan de Fuca (JDF) and Explorer Plates off the coast of Vancouver Island. (Click on arrows and slide left and right to see labels.). The apparent line of collision runs between Norway and Sweden, between Scotland and England, through Ireland, through Newfoundland, and the Maritimes, through the northeastern and eastern states, and across the northern end of Florida. National Park Service sites in the Coastal Ranges of Washington, Oregon and northern California contain rugged mountains of rocks that were manufactured in the ocean, then scraped off the plate and lifted out of the sea. Plate Tectonics and Our National Parks (2020), Text and Illustrations by Robert J. Lillie, Emeritus Professor of Geosciences, Oregon State University [E-mail]. Other rocks seen in the high mountains at the center of the park were pushed more deeply into the Earth, where increasing temperature and pressure changed them into metamorphic rocks known as quartzite and slate. There is commonly an ocean trench along the boundary. By the end of 1967 the Earths surface had been mapped into a series of plates (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)). In 1912 the Katmai region erupted an estimated 7 cubic miles (30 cubic kilometers) of ash and pyroclastic material, roughly 50 times the amount that came out of Washingtons Mt. The Coast Ranges, including the Olympic Mountains, are made of oceanic sediments and hard rocks that were caught in the vise between the converging plates, uplifted, and added to the edge of the continent. Beginning about 30 million years ago, so much of the Farallon Plate was consumed by subduction that the Pacific and North American plates were in contact, forming the San Andreas transform plate boundary in western California. Some geological processes act so slowly that we may think of the Earth as rock-solid and unmoving. The line of active volcanoes, from Mt. Left image Feature labels. Novarupta Lava Dome The rocks on top of the plate are metamorphosed due to the great temperatures and pressures at those depths. Final answer. Two parallel mountain ranges have been forming as a result of the Juan de Fuca Plate subducting beneath the edge of North America. Visits to coastal NPS sites in the Pacific Northwest can help us appreciate the landscapes that develop over time because of these large quakes, and learn how we are preparing our homes, communities, and infrastructure for the next Big One.. Farther inland, the subducting plate reaches depths where it sweats hot water. Basalt lava is thin and runny and will flow for miles and miles. Compared to the other tectonic plates in the region, the Cocos Plate is converging with the Caribbean Plate at a steady rate of about 78 millimeters per year based on data from ISCO over 10 months. The volcanoes are forming above the region where the top of the subducting Juan de Fuca Plate reaches about 50 miles (80 kilometers) depth. A subduction zone will develop, and the oceanic plate will begin to descend under the continent. Find the plate boundary between the Juan de Fuca Plate (JF) and the North American Plate (NA). Credit: Photo courtesy of Robert J. Lillie. Yosemite Valley and Half Dome. Question: Tectonic Plates Use this map to answer the following questions. Unclick all the other layers you've been using, and then click next to . This plate is moving north east towards the Eurasia plate. Adding TravelTime as Impedance in ArcGIS Network Analyst? Rates of motions of the major plates range from less than 1 cm/y to over 10 cm/y. Their high-silica magmas produce not only andesite and rhyolite lava flows, but also lots of other volcanic materials such as ash and pumice. What plate boundary is the Philippines and Eurasian Plate? Storms coming in from the Pacific Ocean drop most of their moisture on the Coast Range and Cascades, leaving eastern Oregon and Washington high and dry. Many rift valleys are part of " triple junctions," a type of divergent boundary where three tectonic plates meet at about 120 angles. The Coast Range (including the Olympic Mountains) consists of sedimentary rock layers and hard crust scraped off the ocean floor where the Juan de Fuca Plate begins to dive downward. USGS photo. This plate makes up all of Antarctica and much of the surrounding ocean. Today Rainier were to suddenly and violently eruptso much that its magma chamber empties and the volcanic peak collapses in on itself. In 1989 and 1990, Mt. St. Helens in 1980. The Cascades form above the line where the subducting plate extends to depths where it heats up, dehydrates and causes magma to form. More than 40 volcanoes have erupted in Alaska since Russians first arrived in the mid 1700s a great many of the volcanoes are in areas that are now National Park Service sites. What caused the Chile earthquake of 1960? Observations. Cocos Plate; Type: Minor: Approximate area: 2,900,000 km 2: Movement 1: north-east: Speed 1: 67 mm/year: . Sea lions resting on layers of pillow basalt that formed beneath the ocean and were uplifted as part of the accretionary wedge. Three others, Aniakchak National Monument, Katmai National Park, and Lake Clark National Park, are farther inland, along the active volcanic arc. The North American Plate is one of the slowest, averaging around 1 cm/y in the south up to almost 4 cm/y in the north. Plates are thought to move along the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary, as the asthenosphere is the zone of partial melting. A series of explosions and ash clouds from the peak between 1914 and 1921 represents the last large volcanic eruption within the lower 48 states prior to Washingtons Mt. Mazama, erupted and collapsed 7,700 years ago, forming the large cavity (caldera) that now holds Crater Lake. (Note that spreading rates are typically double the velocities of the two plates moving away from a ridge.). Multiple complex plate boundaries contribute lots of earthquake and volcanic activity in the region. At transform boundaries lithosphere is neither created nor destroyed. This plate includes the islands that make up the Philipines and north to include parts of southern Japan. There are also numerous small plates (e.g., Juan de Fuca, Cocos, Nazca, Scotia, Philippine, Caribbean), and many very small plates or sub-plates. Right image Transcribed image text: Match each plate boundary with its appropriate type. The same forces that shift the land so dramatically also gradually build spectacular landscapes like the coastlines of the Pacific Northwest. This plate includes Australia and much of the surrounding ocean. They are part of the volcanic arc that extends northeastward from the Aleutian Islands, across the Alaska Peninsula and Aniakchak National Monument, Katmai and Lake Clark national parks, and then bends eastward to Wrangell-St. Elias National Park. An ancient volcano, Mt. Vents and fractures (also called fissures ) in these mid-ocean ridges allow magma and gases to escape into the ocean. Roughly 3.2 million square kilometers (1.2 million square miles) in area, the Caribbean. Over the next 50 million years, it is likely that there will be full development of the east African rift and creation of new ocean floor. 40 Million Years Ago If spreading along the mid-Atlantic ridge continues to be slower than spreading within the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean will start to close up, and eventually (in a 100 million years or more) North and South America will collide with Europe and Africa. Pillow basalt layers formed more than a mile (1.6 kilometers) below the surface of the ocean are now almost a mile above sea-level on Hurricane Ridge Road in Olympic National Park, Washington. Stack the quarters with Washington on top, Oregon in the middle and California on the bottom. The best example is the San Andreas Fault on the Pacific coast of the United States. Subduction zones occur when one or both of the tectonic plates are composed of oceanic crust. In doing so the magma is enriched in silica, because high-silica minerals commonly are the first ones to melt. Illustrations above modified from Beauty from the Beast: Plate Tectonics and the Landscapes of the Pacific Northwest, by Robert J. Lillie, Wells Creek Publishers, 92 pp., 2015, www.amazon.com/dp/1512211893.

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