"'pGX. relatively), but now the desire is to reverse the travel in order This is easy to remember. To express direction as a unit of angular measure, there must be a starting point or zero measure and a point of reference These two points designate the base or reference line. Location. When was AR 15 oralite-eng co code 1135-1673 manufactured? When using an azimuth, the point from which the azimuth originates is the center of an imaginary circle (Figure 6-2). The simplest way available to man right now is to get a compass that has an declination adjustable feature, such as the Sunnto MC-3. you must convert your magnetic azimuth to a grid azimuth by SUBTRACTING the G-M angle. Plotting an azimuth on the map. When working with the UTM system, the calculated direction between two UTM coordinates is referenced to Grid North. WebPlease note that the sum of the grid azimuths (in red) at station Fink and station D266 is 360 degrees. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 10 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 1>> Rotate the straightedge until the known position on the map is aligned with the known position on the ground. If you have a map and a compass, the one of most interest to you will be between magnetic and grid north. Ok, but your longitude lines on your map dont follow magnetic north/south, depending on your location. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> This equationmustbe memorized if you dont have a declination adjustable compass in order to stay accurate and end up on or near the coordinate youre aiming for on the last leg of your navigation. Magnetic In Colorado, the central meridian is 105 degrees, 30 minutes West Longitude, as shown here, on the left you have station D266 and on the right, station Fink. 9 0 obj<>>>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]>> *r\6}ZM{ru s/])7ZiV?.kBh%2`43`1(C`BE&q]I~u_ NB^'zNyv 0 It explains the use of some field-expedient methods to find directions, the declination diagram, and the conversion of azimuths from grid to magnetic and vice versa. Known= 270 mag 3. Your The computation of the grid correction angle or angle of convergence will require special mathematical techniques depending on the type of projection of the curved earth's surface on to the flat grid. Not sure your question can be answered. On the left, at station D266, the convergence is minus 40.0 arcseconds. %%EOF When using an azimuth, the point from which the azimuth originates is the center of an imaginary circle . Ab = A - 180 Introduction to Land Navigation.pdf - UNC Charlotte Army ROTC e. Convert the grid azimuth to a back azimuth. For map based orienteering, where you can Terrain Assoicate, maybe it matters less. The degree scale is graduated from 0 to 360 degrees; each tick mark on the degree scale represents one degree. An arc indicated by a dashed line connects the prongs for true north and grid north. A grid correction converts azimuth readings between the True North systems and the specified grid system. How do you calculate Grid North to magnetic north? endstream endobj 2283 0 obj <>/Metadata 139 0 R/Pages 2280 0 R/StructTreeRoot 171 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 2284 0 obj <>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 2280 0 R/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI]>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 2285 0 obj <>stream Where the base line intersects the horizontal line, between 90 and 270 degrees, is the index or center of the protractor (Figure 6-6). hhKY__SJj oRdBe If you're using a regular map with a declination diagram this will always work. SOUTH IS 180. Find out how to get your bearings with this beginner-friendly tutorial and discover some of our favorite things nearby!. Convert a magnetic azimuth of 347 to a grid azimuth (using a 5Westerly G-M Angle) Answer: 347 - 5 = 342 Answer : 347 - 5 = 342 9. Directions are expressed as units of angular measure. x]Yo#7~`C?JAXHYd6@Aefl_]~{uOv:e#Y7evu To convert a grid azimuth to a magnetic azimuth, subtract the G-M angle from the grid azimuth. (5) Convert the grid azimuth to a back azimuth. All the convergence angles west of the Central Meridian are negative. (c) Make a mark on the map at the desired azimuth. All of them divide the circle into units of angular measure, and each has a scale around the outer edge and an index mark. These data are shown in the form of a grid-convergence note. (c) Convert a magnetic azimuth when the G-M angle is greater than the magnetic azimuth (Figure 6-15). It can be expressed as right, left, straight ahead, and so forth; but then the question arises, To the right of what? This chapter defines the word azimuth and the three different norths. Local values of magnetic declination should be stated in the well program to plus or minus 0.1O. A protractor is used to measure the angle between grid north and the drawn line, and this measured azimuth is the grid azimuth (Figure 6-4). The magnetic azimuth is determined by using magnetic instruments, such as lensatic and M2 compasses. (6) Move to a second known point and repeat steps 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. How Many Morphemes Are In The Word Telegram, How Have Attitudes Towards Immigrants Changed Over Time. (6) Repeat 3, 4, and 5 for a second position and a third position, if desired. Is kanodia comes under schedule caste if no then which caste it is? The magnetic declination correction is the angle between the horizontal component of the earth's magnetic field lines and the lines of longitude. (7) The location of the unknown position is where the lines cross on the map. As the request is for the back azimuth, then what is wanted is Magnetic Azimuth. Do Eric benet and Lisa bonet have a child together? is, must be between zero and 360 degrees. You will find that every zone in a State Plane coordinate system has a central meridian. Count the number of degrees from the 0-degree mark at the top of the protractor to this north-south grid line and then count the number of degrees from the 180-degree mark at the bottom of the protractor to this same grid line. The grad is a metric unit of measure found on some foreign maps. xr0A{K;M64%X GqJ8u_~E ,E}\x6%aX@Bl8p MS302L14 Land Navigation Review Quiz Answer Key xVr0}+$7-)NCRL^*Y_ Dd"]IQvta2wIqr dC;[yTPu&QiFc@Lh&%\IL me)_0XbHVz$cX\?h*L4KAWF!!T! (2) Identify two or three known distant locations on the ground and mark them on the map. Tipsy Tuesday: Cold Bow Challenge, Gear Reviews, And The Latest Hunting News! Going from the known (line Consider that if the object was magnetically due north of you (0 degrees magnetic), then physically it would have to be 12 degrees east of Grid North [Noun. WebThe University of Akron : YOU BELONG HERE! The John A. Dutton Institute for Teaching and Learning Excellence is the learning design unit of the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences at The Pennsylvania State University. Back Azimuth and Backsighting Therefore, there is a value, shown here in blue, called convergence. Personally, I prefer maps that use the MGRS (Military Grid Reference System) which is similar to the UTM, but scaled in 1:25,000 & 1:50,000, which is what I learned in during active duty. hTak0+VtHpfePAKcH`#IqIz;KYAA"&8$@,(.Q5{u>-q 1"ora-H>:PB6GDE]>>^M&i6)}}}qfWY@vk Theyll either have tick marks on them that you can use to provide your own grid (as I have done and commenters have suggested (Tip: Use very thin map marking pens and dont use red ink red disappears when using a red light) or complete grid lines. Values of magnetic declination change with time and location. degrees nor less than 0 degrees as that range is the range of a 360 o 120 o = 240 o. ^z].;@ This gives you a grid azimuth of 77 degrees. They are certainly not parallel with one another and certainly not parallel with the central meridian. In this example, the known azimuth is 270 magnetic. ( d) To measure an azimuth, turn your entire body toward the object and point the compass cover directly at the object. The most common unit of measure is the degree () with its subdivisions of minutes () and seconds (). For example an azimuth of 140 is greater than 90 and less than 180, therefore it is in SE quadrant. and G.O.M.A when applying the magnetic declination of the geographical area youre in. Azimuth and A = Azimuth, Using LARS, convert to a grid azimuth. Subtract the calculated backsight reading from the original azimuth reading. NJUi eh)Sf1!S3"k0 o#fLE>;*Dn|rVUUlk uUP_HH(4\0y}[||] 7Ka4IWp7$A26mA{=3~lN ]L Azimuth Calculator knowledge that 1) the back azimuth is the opposite direction of the The chosen sign convention displays Grid North as "x" number of degrees east or west of True North. Azimuth Reference System Conversions - Rig Worker Remember, there are no negative azimuths on the azimuth circle. It may not display this or other websites correctly. Therefore, the back azimuth of 223 degrees, whatever it Intersection is the location of an unknown point by successively occupying at least two (preferably three) known positions on the ground and then map sighting on the unknown location. dy|zn/_|\`dA/xo_vMS@"/9F}6DQ%u>.]l.ny,Vx~#oWCO1[KAVG9m4DyM*7vp`x~\^ ]S,6 In order to measure something, there must always be a starting point or zero measurement. endstream endobj 1782 0 obj <>stream Considerations for Downhole Survey Azimuths Determine the grid coordinates to the desired accuracy. Declination angles or GM angles are the difference between these two alignments, so you add or subtract your angle as needed to get them to match up, so that you can plot a point on a map, and then shoot an azimuth to it with a compass. The following elements must be present when using polar coordinates (Figure 6-21). endobj It also includes some advanced aspects of map reading, such as intersection, resection, modified resection, and polar plots. endobj TO CONVERT A GRID AZIMUTH TO A MAGNETIC When using the map and compass method. Resection with map and compass. Good question though. More on that in the future. endobj endobj All the convergence angles east of the Central Meridian are positive. If you know who Lars Ulrich is, you can convert your azimuths. endstream endobj 1779 0 obj <>/Metadata 85 0 R/Pages 1776 0 R/StructTreeRoot 113 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 1780 0 obj <>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 1776 0 R/Resources<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI]>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 1781 0 obj <>stream : The University of Akron, Ohio (3) Lay a straightedge on the map using a known position as a pivot point. endstream endobj startxref Its easy to find if youre back at home, but they can be tricky in unfamiliar territory! TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVES 2. ENABLING Distance and Azimuths Between Two Sets of Coordinates In 1896, Henry Cabot Lodge warned, Your email address will not be published. This is the grid direction line (azimuth). We used the earlier GPS's called sluggers. To convert this UTM Grid North direction to a True North direction, you must apply the grid convergence to the calculated UTM Grid North direction. Using a protractor, draw a line for the back azimuth on the map from the known position back toward your unknown position. It explains in detail how to determine the grid and the magnetic azimuths with the use of the protractor and the compass. 1 0 obj endstream endobj startxref Direction plays an important role in a soldiers everyday life. Converting to magnetic azimuth. This circle is divided into 360 degrees or 6400 mils . There are two methods of intersection: the map and compass method and the straightedge method (Figures 6-16 and 6-17). WebSelect and give grid coordinates for three points on the map; list azimuths to be followed in the construction of a line through each point. Luckily, with the use of Disclosure: Some of the links above are affiliate links. (b) To use a magnetic azimuth in A method of locating or plotting an unknown position from a known point by giving a direction and a distance along that direction line is called polar coordinates. Convert user entered true azimuth to magnetic azimuth WebTO CONVERT A MAGNETIC AZIMUTH TOA GRID AZIMUTH ADD G-M ANGLE 0-95 ro GIVE A STANDARD REFERENCE ON THIS SHEET TO NEAREST 100 METERS tifying Required fields are marked *. If you plot your grid azimuth on a map and it reads (for example), 180 degrees (GAZ), and you know your local declination is 15 degrees East, and you wish to convert your GAZ to a MAZ, simply subtract the Declination of 15 degrees and youll have a 165 MAZ, or magnetic azimuth that you can use with your compass. stream G-M angle. If you have a magnetic azimuth of 270 degrees, and the G-M angle is 8 degrees, your grid azimuth will be 262 degrees. Several field-expedient methods to determine direction are discussed in Chapter 9, paragraph 5. This is TED, speaking on behalf of The English Dictionary. Since 0 degree is the same as 360 degrees, then 2 degrees is the same as 362 degrees. Ab = A + 180 You are driving southeast on State Road 1638 (which runs between the town at EG820994 and the Military Boundary Line in Grid EH 8899); you just passed a cemetery and your vehicle endstream endobj 1783 0 obj <>stream The azimuth is the most common military method to express direction. b. Mil. In the last post onMagnetic Declination, the impact it has on azimuth/bearing accuracy was described. 5 0 obj Map reading and the ability to navigate is a fundamental skill With this in mind, the problem is solved by the following steps: (a) Draw a vertical or grid-north line (prong). Always align this line with the vertical lines on a map (Figure 6-9). Being in the right place at the prescribed time is necessary to successfully accomplish military missions. Draw an arrow pointing east (azimuth of 90) for an arbitrary borehole azimuth reference. This north base line could be true north, magnetic north, or grid north. The magnitude of the correction angle depends upon its location within the grid and its latitude. This angle is the difference between the north and the magnetic Magnetic North - based on the earth's magnetic field, and is used to describe compass direction. Using knowledge point #3 above, the correct result will be the (6) The intersection of the lines on the map is your location. If you are surveying or doing something other than land nav for hunting, this may matter. DIRECTION W140003XQ STUDENT HANDOUT - United Remember, when taking a reading of a mountain then transfering it to your map, you must do the opposite of what you did when you took a reading from your map. This courseware module is offered as part of the Repository of Open and Affordable Materials at Penn State. A line from 0 to 180 degrees is called the base line of the protractor. One note provides instructions for converting magnetic azimuth to grid azimuth; the other, for converting grid azimuth to magnetic azimuth. Meridians converge on the surface of the Earth. Figure 6-12. 4 0 obj <>stream 2296 0 obj <>stream If your west of the agonic linean imaginary line that runs vertically, west of the Great Lakes and west of Florida (Google agonic line for more detail).you can use the acronym M.U.G.S. WebTo Convert Azimuth Angle to True Azimuth. be Northeast relatively.) 8 0 obj <>stream There are 180 140 = 40 degrees between the South and the point, therefore the quadrant bearing is S40E. endobj (c) Keeping the index at this point, align the 0- to 180-degree line of the protractor on the vertical grid line. A line from any point on the earths surface to the north pole. When magnetic results are recorded, the declination and the date must be included. (2) That explanation on drawing lines on the map is definitely very useful. Draw an arrow for Grid North using an exaggerated angle east or west of True North showing the grid convergence angle (be sure of the sign convention of the grid convergence value used, for example does a west convergence angle put Grid North west of True North or visa versa?). How do you convert magnetic azimuth to grid azimuth? - Answers (1) Place the protractor index where the azimuth line cuts a north-south grid line, aligning the base line of the protractor directly over the intersection of the azimuth line with the north-south grid line. To start, what is your goal? or 0 General directions, imagery and hand railing features is a more effective way to navigate. The difference is the 8 angle from True North to Magnetic North plus the 0 23 angle from True North to Grid North. Then, what exactly is a grid azimuth? (2) Put your finger on the grid north line, now move it to the magnetic north line. To convert a magnetic azimuth to grid azimuth, subtract G-M angle. If you have a magnetic azimuth of 270 degrees, and the G-M angle is 8 degrees, your A simple mathematical mistake could cause disastrous consequences. a. A rule to remember when solving such problems is this: Nomatter where the azimuth line points, the angle to it is always measured clockwise from the reference direction (base line). The graphic below demonstrates for both East & West Declination. How do you convert Magnetic North to grid north? (3) Determine the magnetic azimuth to the unknown position using the compass. The surface location to target direction will therefore be referenced to Grid North. correct back azimuth. (d) Read the value of the angle from the scale; this is the grid azimuth from point A to point B (Figure 6-4). True north is usually represented by a star (Figure 6-1). Is Grid North the same as magnetic north? This value is expressed to the nearest 1/2 degree, with mil equivalents shown to the nearest 10 mils. When Magnetic North lies to the west of True North, the magnetic declination is said to be westerly, and if to the east, easterly. endobj (2) The user should re-read the azimuth between the azimuth and north-south grid line to check the initial azimuth. Converting to a grid azimuth when the G-M angle is greater. Since we dont navigate by stars much anymore we really only care about grid north (what the map says) and magnetic north (what the compass says). This sign convention is not necessarily the same for all contractors and should be clearly communicated and understood before drilling begins. When an azimuth is plotted between point A (beginning) and point B on a map, it is called a grid. _k6 u7PO3+i_yF(igS|pVGXW~o6zom6 8bl_FP)T iN5;SIlw-KKwj{kLx!:E"Ux++syH9Fj- 5V -PY.f;!eOa$*^ TRdNb8ds)Rjn9TKT{y&wN4# g Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. the back azimuth, and 3) the correct back azimuth must be in the To convert a grid azimuth to a magnetic azimuth, add the G-M angle. WebIn this example, the known azimuth is 270 magnetic. The back azimuth of 180 degrees may be stated as 0degrees or 360 degrees. Look up "LARS." (1) Add an easterly G-M angle to a magnetic azimuth to obtain a grid azimuth. Neither points straight at the North Polethat is called true north. However, it is not necessary to know where true north is to avoid getting lost in a combat area. Apply the mathematical formula to convert a magnetic azimuth to a grid azimuth. The most accurate method to determine local declination is to measure the magnetic field with a magnetic transit. The military protractor, GTA 5-2-12, contains two scales: one in degrees (inner scale) and one in mils (outer scale). Copyright 2023 ScienceAlert.quest | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme. When using the straightedge method (Figure 6-19). a. (3) Measure the magnetic azimuth to one of the known positions from your location using a compass. One way to do that is to get the updated magnetic field model of the earth from NOAA (or other sources) and write code to do this calculation based on the user % <> (See paragraph 6-6.). (a) Draw a line connecting the two points (A and B). Magnetic declination correction converts azimuth values between the Magnetic North and True North systems. grid north (uncountable) The direction northwards along the grid lines of a map projection. 2 0 obj Degree. a. WebThe magnetic azimuth from your location to the water tower is 85 degrees. Subtract the GM angle to convert a grid azimuth into a magnetic azimuth. (2) Without Notes. A typical note may read To convert a magnetic azimuth to grid azimuth, subtract. The University of Akron : YOU BELONG HERE! : The University Why Walden's rule not applicable to small size cations. Your current quad will be drastically differant from your 1950s quad. This is a direct result of the grid north lines being parallel with each other. The Pennsylvania State University 2020, GPS and GNSS for Geospatial Professionals, Lesson 6: State Plane Coordinates and Heights, State Plane Coordinate Zones 1983, False Eastings and Scale, Lesson 7: Static Global Positioning System Surveying, Lesson 8: Real-Time Global Positioning System Surveying, Lesson 10: Global Navigation Satellite Systems and the Future, Repository of Open and Affordable Materials, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, John A. Dutton Institute for Teaching and Learning Excellence, Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, Earth and Mineral SciencesEnergy Institute, iMPS in Renewable Energy and Sustainability Policy Program Office, BA in Energy and Sustainability Policy Program Office, 2217 Earth and Engineering Sciences Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802. Modified resection is the method of locating ones position on the map when the person is located on a linear feature on the ground, such as a road, canal, or stream (Figure 6-20). CONVERTING GRID AND MAGNETIC AZIMUTHS HOW AND An azimuth is defined as a horizontal angle measured clockwise from a north base line. On the State Plane coordinate grid, north is always parallel with the central meridian, but at the points on the Earth, north is along the meridian that passes through them. %PDF-1.5 Figure 6-16. Converting to a grid azimuth on a map. Figure 6-19. ^ni`H2pI35%S8lKXoboAJXT/k]3 @[J endstream % Since wells must be surveyed with sensors that reference direction to either Magnetic or True North, it will be necessary to convert between these references. The terminal coordinates program may be used to find the coordinates on the Earth at some distance, given an azimuth and the starting coordinates.. Converting Magnetic Azimuth to grid Azimuth | Rokslide Forum The angle of correction is the angle between the meridians of longitude and the Northings of the grid system at a specified point. I never got lost and would find all the points giving by getting close and following the trails to them. Converting to a magnetic azimuth on a map. Magnetic Declination models are updated every year. For greater accuracy, the desired method of resection would be to use three or more well-defined locations. The College of Earth and Mineral Sciences is committed to making its websites accessible to all users, and welcomes comments or suggestions on access improvements. Author and/or Instructor: Jan Van Sickle, Senior Lecturer, John A. Dutton e-Education Institute, College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University; V3 Consultants, Lakewood, CO. Converting azimuths with westerly G-M angle. GN 4 3 1. %PDF-1.5 % In either case, the listed Declination, or GM Angle on the map (which may or may not be correct due to Magnetic North Pole movement) is for the center of the map, and depending on the whats under or on top of the surface, the Declination degree may be distorted during your trip. Theyre not essential for shooting an azimuth or bearing (from hear on out referred to as either a Grid Azimuth (GAZ) or Magnetic Azimuth (MAZ)), but they are very, very useful is plotting (determining) positions on a map to within various levels of accuracy (read distance from the actual object being plotted). No mathematical equation is necessary because the compass itself has the declination already accounted for by your adjustment. b. Draw an arrow pointing east (azimuth of 90) for an arbitrary borehole azimuth reference. 6 0 obj Simply refer to the conversion notes that appear in conjunction with the diagram explaining the use of the G-M angle (Figure 6-8). An azimuth is defined as a horizontal angle measured clockwise from a north base line. The north that is established by using the vertical grid lines on the map. For mils, if the azimuth is less than 3200mils, add 3200 mils, if the azimuth is more than 3200 mils, subtract 3200 mils. is the correct back azimuth. Convert azimuths when given a westerly G-M angle (Figure 071-329-1009-4). xUMo1+1vmR6!j?__wrVxuzsei8Vmq.a+Qgl_9lz(A#l$ fQUzp6`Y+F,aeBBa[[c ^`;x1zKEyH9 NYtK,|m7-oF=HI)''UG~PycHNu-3r+|Q!vmR0T KiU)QHc|j'szMV+: s BH4/&`N3qgTR--H\Bg,R7d,B)th|1u"Uf0#bOzM&Z6fFmtQcX825Qb-Kyu ,F!bW\{JI6=aGc9MX'z_R0K}y%!> Azimuths easterly or westerly G-M angle. b. Figure 6-15. The G-M angle value is the angular size that exists between grid north and magnetic north. To avoid this confusion, declination/grid conversion polar diagrams should be drawn on all maps and clearly defined on all survey printouts. _____ 4) What is the method of intersection when a compass is unavailable? The name is derived from Old French or Spanish respectively: rumb or rumbo, a line on the chart which intersects all meridians at the same angle. exceeds the range of the compass, so 403 degrees cannot be the Their values and rates of change can be obtained from Computer programs like GEOMAG or "world magnetic variation charts" or "isogonic charts" which are issued by all major hydrographic institutes in the world once every five years (1980, 1985, '90, etc.). Your email address will not be published. *!o$8EAbMZIU&G3V`o! Magnetic North. (1) When working with a map having an east G-M angle: (a) To plot a magnetic azimuth on a map, first change it to a grid azimuth (Figure 6-10). It is an arc, indicated by a dashed line, that connects the grid-north and magnetic-north prongs. 1790 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<2B0C2CAC99B5C942A1B86AECE94C0B5C>]/Index[1778 23]/Info 1777 0 R/Length 68/Prev 337901/Root 1779 0 R/Size 1801/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream (b) Place the protractor on the map with the index mark at the center of mass of the known point and the base line parallel to a north-south grid line. 1778 0 obj <> endobj A glance at the completed diagram shows whether the given azimuth or the desired azimuth is greater, and thus whether the known difference between the two must be added or subtracted. I don't get why you need to substract your compass value Bearing, Azimuth and Azimuth Angle a. value can vary 15-20* in the lower 48. :Qa0I J4 E:ICHfO3di:z|sPKP#2~=u!3)_%BMk;"TVeWm9e4=5_5u=-8Cl6jY2*{d~[2fn3P7xkd. b. Doesn't matter if you're in the northern or southern hemisphere. _:-"U-?Y E_t=++k (2) Locate at least two known distant locations or prominent features on the ground and mark them on the map. DIRECTION B181996 STUDENT HANDOUT - United States Military personnel need a way of expressing direction that is accurate, is adaptable to any part of the world, and has a common unit of measure.

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